Self

We tested this evolutionary hypothesis on 166 college students by measuring self-deception using both a questionnaire and a series of hypothetical helping scenarios. The results showed a positive correlation between self-deception and moral oscilloscope, which was moderated by private self-consciousness. Among participants with high, but not low, self- consciousness, high moral self-concept individuals were more willing to help hen potential selflessness were present than low moral self-concept individuals, whereas there was no difference between the two groups concerning helping without self-benefit.These results support the evolutionary view that self-deception serves to maintain optimal moral self- concept, especially for individuals with high solicitousness. ? 201 1 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Humans are social animals who pursue selfish interests in a cooperative context in which public interests are also observed. There are subsequent conflicts between pu rsuing self-interests and protecting public interests. Solving and balancing these conflicts has resulted in specific adaptations to group living.On the one hand, various group-oriented colonization processes help to shape the development of moral self-concept among group members that serves to maintain the cooperative group context by curbing selfish interests and promoting public interests. Individuals of high moral self- concept thus behave more altruistically. On the other hand, altruism operates among other adaptive forces, such as deception and self-deception, which allow one to claim or believe to be acting altruistically while actually acting elfish (Commodes & Toby, 2005; Cummins, 1999; von Hippie & T rivers, 201 1; Drivers, 1976).In deception, self-interests replace public interests in the conscious mind; in self-deception, self-interests are pushed to the unconscious and the individual is Only aware of public interests (Alexander, 1987). The factor regulating deception an d self-deception may be self- consciousness, which is the extent to which individuals are inclined and able to examine their inner thoughts and feelings (Finessing, Cashier, & Buss, 1975). Low moral self-concept individuals may openly deceive others by maintaining Corresponding author. Address: Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese university of Hong Kong, Satin, N. T. Hong Kong. Tell. : +852 2609 6936; fax: +852 2603 6921. E-mail add [email  protected] Du. Husk (L. Change). 0191-8869/$ – see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI:1 0. 1 016/j. Paid. 2011. 07. 014 self-interests in the conscious mind, while high moral self-concept individuals may self-deceive by pushing self-interests to the unconscious. Self; consciousness may serve to regulate these two silvering strategies. The purpose of the present study is to examine the relations among moral self- incept, self-consciousness, and self-deception in an effort to better understand self-dec eption within an evolutionary framework.Unlike philosophers who are concerned about the existence, realization, and intentionality of self-deception (e. G. , Davidson, 1985; Demos, 1960; Vinaigrette, 1969; Melee, 1 997), or mainstream psychologists who focus on the mechanism and functionality of self-deception (e. G. , Greenland, 1988; Smacked, 1983; Phallus & John, 1 998), evolutionary psychologists are interested in how self-deception has evolved as a fitness-enhancing strategy.The evolutionary view holds that self-deception has evolved in an uncongenial world as a result of an â€Å"arms race† between deception and deception detection (Drivers, 2000). In human group living, conflicts of interest are present most of the time (Alexander, 1987), and deception has become a ubiquitous strategy to manipulate group members in order to maximize self- interest and exploit public interests (Mitchell, 1 986; Drivers, 1985). Detection of deception evolves to guard against personal exp loitation and public encroachment. In response, self-deception evolves to escape detection.During deception, maintaining both true and false information in the consciousness while presenting only falsehoods to others results in extra cognitive load for the deceiver (von Hippie & Drivers, 201 1). Conscious awareness about the truth may result in the deceiver unintentionally exposing clues about the truth. A self-deceiver keeps only false information in the consciousness H. J. Lu, L. Change / personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011) 845-849 and leaves no clues about the truth, which is kept in the unconscious, and thus avoids detection completely (Drivers, 2000).Whereas self-deception was originally construed mainly as an interpersonal strategy to facilitate deception of others (Drivers, 1976, 1985), it also is an interpersonal variable that, as part of the self-system, entails chronic misrepresentation of the self without immediate or explicit reference to others (Exurban & S kittish, 2007; Surrey, 201 1; von Hippie & Drivers 2011). In such a self-directed and deceptive state of mind, a person may selectively access certain information about, and deny other information to, the self in ways that convince both the self and others of aggrandize clarifications (Greenland, 1 988; Phallus & Reid, 1991Interpersonal self-deception therefore continues to serve the interpersonal goal of deceiving others (von Hippie & Drivers, 201 1). Consistent with the interpersonal origin of self-deception, preferential access to, and misrepresentation of, different aspects of the self are fashioned by active interpersonal interactions within a group context that informs the individual of his/her fitness conditions, including cooperation needs and opportunities.Often referred to as selfsameness in morality or altruism (Phallus & John, 1998), interpersonal self-deception is self-serving because it facilitates and maintains cooperative relationships with other group members (Surre y, 2004; Surrey & McNally, 1997). Individuals are more inclined to be altruistic if they are unaware of the selfish intentions of themselves and others (Nesses & Lloyd, 1 992; Surrey, 2011). By the same logic, congenial altruism suppresses selfishness and engenders altruism in others, which actuates and perpetuates reciprocal altruism and cooperative group living (Alexander, 1987).As part of the self-system that emphasizes proportioning, representing, and misrepresenting different aspects of the self (Markus & Hurl, 1987), interpersonal self-deception contributes to the development and maintenance of self-concept (Greenland, 1 980; Skidded & Crosslink, 1997), specifically the moral or altruistic aspects of self-concept relevant to social interactions and group living. Being altruistic and unselfish, and seeing others behaving likewise, is a core feature of colonization in most societies (Keller, Deleting, Sauerkraut, If-xi, & Ge, 2005).This colonization, in turn, shapes and reinforc es individuals' self-concept, specifically the moral self- concept. Interpersonal self-deception is thus vital to self-conception because t enables or facilitates the initialization of group or altruistic values that help form an individual's moral self-concept. Thus, there is a functional association between moral self-concept and self-deception; regarding oneself highly in terms of morality and altruism necessitates that negative and selfish aspects of the self are inaccessible, and this is achieved through self- deception.In this respect, self-deception is necessary for, and instrumental to, the development and maintenance of moral oscilloscope. In other words, people attaining or maintaining high moral ground may be more self- exceptive and, thus, more successful in suppressing selfish thoughts, whereas people of low moral self-concept view themselves in less-than- optimal moral light because they are not inclined to deceive themselves about their selfish thoughts.Whether or not self-deception is used to maintain high moral ground may depend on one's ability to attend to inner thoughts and feelings, including the morally undesirable aspects of the self. Such self-consciousness, especially private self-consciousness, may serve to regulate self-deception. Highly self-conscious individuals are more aware of their inner self (Finessing et al. 1 975), including blemishes in their moral self- conception. To maintain the same level of moral self-concept, these individuals will require more interpersonal self-deception to suppress moral imperfections.In contrast, the moral self-concept of those low in self- consciousness may depend less on self-deception because they are less aware of their inner selves, including selfish thoughts and moral impurities. Thus, increasing self-consciousness may increase the strength of the correlation between moral self-concept and self-deception. To test the hypothesis that self-deception facilitates the maintenance of oral self-con cept by suppressing negative aspects of the self, the present study examined the associations among selections (SIDE), moral self- concept (MS), and self-consciousness (SC).We hypothesized a positive correlation between moral oscilloscope and self-deception. We also expected MS-SIDE association to be stronger among high, rather than low, self- conscious individuals. In addition to examining questionnaire measures, we also included another measure of self-deception by having subjects respond to different helping scenarios from which we derived two helping intention rabbles – altruistic helping intention without self-benefit and self-deceived helping intention with potential self-benefit.

buy custom Honour Code at University of Colorado essay

buy custom Honour Code at University of Colorado essay Honour code at university of Colorado An honour code or system is a set of rules and tenets that guide and govern a particular group of people or community on the basis of ideal principles which define what is an honourable code of conduct and behaviour. An honour code just like rules and regulation defines what acceptable behaviour within a given community is. The violators of a code of honour usually faces disciplinary measure such as suspension or expulsion from the university. Universities and several institutions such as military academies use honour codes to curb to dishonesty and hence foster honesty and integrity. Majority of the code of honors discourage stealing, cheating or any other misconduct within an institution. The foundation of honor code can be traced back in 1779, were it was first established and implemented at the college of William and Mary in Virginia. The honor code first started with individual commitment, followed by the principles or ideals and finally the commitment to watch over other students. Honor code aims at minimizing corrosive academic dishonesty and helps in improving the quality of degree one is doing and at the end improving individuals life (John, 2004). Unlike the Hampden-Sydney College honor code which is compared with the military one, University of Colorado honor code encourages and support dialogue between the teachers and students. Hampden-Sydney College applies its honor code both at school and at home. Like the military abetting violation is as well as violating the code of honor. Strict code of honor is also applied at Brigham young university. The cod e of honor not only encourages honest academic behavior, limits an individual student on drinking of alcohol, drug abuse and smoking, grooming standards and sex life. However, there are other universities and colleges which have encouraged students to run their own honor code so as to enhance students participation. Such colleges include university of Texas, Princeton University, university of Colorado, University of Mary Washington Vanderbilt University and many others. This tries to instill in students personal discipline since our world requires professionals who can deliver quality work under minimum supervision. By giving students the freedom to identify certain norms and principles to guide their actions, they give them the ability to influence not only their lives but that of others. Abraham Lincoln one said that the way to make men trustable is to trust them. This philosophy therefore has strong roots and has been acknowledged as workable and indeed highly beneficial to the concerned parties. While other universities extend their code of honor outside their universities, University of Colorado honor code only works within the school thus providing freedom to the students to decide how to carry themselves outside the confines of the institution. However, this freedom should not be used as a conduit for participating in illegal activities since doing so is in direct violation of the honor code. Needless to say that whatever a stuent does outside should not affect his performance within the school and when such a conflict of interest occurs, the student must choose between school and the outside world (Appiah, 2010). At the University of Colorado, plagiarism, cheating and fabrication had become widespread among the student in the university community creating a culture of dishonesty and thus affecting the credibility and quality of the university degree. In an effort to reduce such habits the university council came up with the guidelines to reduce academic dishonesty and hence foster positive culture and attitude towards academic excellence. One of the salient features of the honor code at the university is that it is student run. This means that each student is responsible or accountable to another. However, students may develop negative attitude towards each other, especially those who report the violators of the honor code. Nevertheless, with the establishment of good communication channel within the university may reduce the chances of knowing the reporter. Integrating university policies with the syllabus is a greater step in closing the gap between the administration expectation and the student anticipation. Honor code being a significant social contract which is a basis for harmony and integrity within the university, it is a vital tool in creating awareness and creating conducive and favorable condition for dialogue hence enhancing and improving individuals integrity. The application of honor code accrues many benefits both inside the institution and outside environment. An honor code instills positive character traits and behavior such as honesty, trust and integrity can be applied outside the University of Colorado. This will lead in creating quality graduates who are creative and honest even as they join the mainstream world and assigned bigger responsibilities. A good example is the honor code of the Anschutz Medical Campus which discourages student from participating in any activity related to drinking of alcohol and drug abuse. This is because such activities are unprofessional and does not align well with bright prospects for a successful future. With the honor code in place, it guides students in their journey to become professionals with a deep rooted sense of integrity. In doing so, the University of Colorado will gain recognition as a center for excellence where students are not only taught the programs they enroll but are guided in a m anner that produces people of integrity, principles and strong leaders. Honor code helps students to be creative and participate more in research work. By doing this it will help them avoid plagiarism and hence a good culture of reading. With provision of more work from teachers and guiding them on how to do research students will engage more with the teachers thus creating rapport (John, 2004). This rapport will enhance honest participation and therefore developing integrity. In this regard, enforcement of honor codes motivates students to achieve excellence and succeed in fulfilling the requirements of their course in a credible manner. Academic disshonesty may be described as any activity that may lead to unfair competition or create disadvantage over the other students. Such activities include plagiarism, cheating, lying, fabrication, bribery and threat. Involving in such activities, leads to the violation of honor code at Colorado University hence watering down the quality and integrity of my degree course. Engaging in the aforementioned activities leads to personal harm as the dangers of getting caught are severe. It will be devastating to loose ones place at the university and this act would make getting a similar chance in other reputable universities highly improbable. The degree awarded by Colorado University requires students to engage in intense research work to be able to bring positive change within the university community. This implies that, misinterpretation of truth, taking of another persons property without permission, copying, illegal collaboration and sharing of information during examination will make my degree course not meet the required standards. Assisting others to cheat or circumvent the rules is detrimental to the person being aided and a serious violation of the university rules and honor code. This in the long run will affect the individual student and the quality of degree being offered by Colorado University. In addition, it might perpetuate a culture of laziness and erode the reputation of the university in the long run. Since we have been mandated and given the collective responsibility to run and protect the honor code, we are able to take immediate action to prevent violations and discourage students from engaging in dishonest academic activities. We should strive to conduct myself in manner that reflects integrity especially during exams and other related affairs. It is also a part of every students responsibility to discourage those who would attempt to cheat and report those who refuse to head warnings. This is because aiding in cheating or engaging in cheating is detrimental top oneself, to others within the university and to society in general. Should other students realize that others are outperforming them based on cheating and plagiarism, it might foster an attitude of disconnect and disillusionment. The effect might be increased cheating as other students adopt the same behavior. In conclusion, it is necessary to highlight that honor codes are a vital part of any institution since it guides its members on how to act in a moral way. Universities are institutions of higher learning where students are not only expected to acquire skills but to demonstrate the use of their acquired skills. Some students have a habit of wasting time or seek short cuts rather than follow the expected routine in satisfying the requirements of their programs. They would rather cheat rather than do their best to study and conduct research and acquire merits which they do not deserve. Honor codes try to dissuade students form those kinds of acts since they are detrimental to themselves and to their institutions. An institution where students follow rules and observe codes of conduct are places where excellence and harmony thrives. Buy custom Honour Code at University of Colorado essay

Sinewy and Sinuous

Sinewy and Sinuous Sinewy and Sinuous Sinewy and Sinuous By Maeve Maddox In the context of anatomy, a sinew is â€Å"a strong fibrous cord serving to connect a muscle with a bone or other part.† Figuratively, usually in the plural, sinew connotes strength, as in this much-repeated quotation from Cicero: The sinews of war  are infinite money. The adjective for sinew is sinewy. When I hear or read the word sinewy applied to a person, I think of muscles, strength, and healthy leanness. In the context of cooking, sinewy is applied to cuts of meat. Sinewy meat is usually tough. Used figuratively, sinewy connotes strength and masculinity. Here are examples of both literal and figurative uses of the adjective sinewy: The sinewy  horsemen, as daring as the Crusaders who invaded the Holy Land, seemed to be everywhere. At Bondoni was Percival, a tall,  sinewy  man, a fine rider and shot.   He had taken his coat off and had rolled up his shirtsleeves, revealing  sinewy white  arms covered in freckles. The shank comes from the upper leg portion of the cow. Since this is a very well exercised part of the body, the meat is lower in fat and tends to be sinewy and dry. Unlike beech, it has broad ridges that curve up and around the trunk and branches, resembling  a sinewy, muscular arm.   Jacques Barzun praised Stout for his â€Å"sinewy, pellucid, propelling prose,† which seems to me to get it exactly right. Because of these associations with sinewy, I was startled to find the label â€Å"Sinewy Delta† under the photo of a river delta in the Yukon. The photo showed a complex convergence of winding rivers that from the air resembled veins visible on the back of an old person’s hand or the diagram of a network of capillaries. As I explored the Web, I discovered that some people use sinewy instead of the more conventional adjective sinuous to describe things- usually rivers- that are characterized by curves, twists, and turns. Sinuous derives from the Latin noun sinus: a bending, a curve, a fold. I do not rule out the possibility that strong currents or rough waves might suggest musculature, but the following examples clearly use sinewy where sinuous would be more apt: The outboard motor gurgled and rumbled as they worked their way out of the sinewy river mouth, curving left, passing jutting boulders as they moved toward the  open water of Big Bay de Noc. Next time you enjoy a float down the sinewy channels of the Winooski or Lamoille river, note where each bend and twist occurs. In this area, the sinewy Delaware River takes some of its most interesting bends as it proceeds on its journey south to the Atlantic Ocean. Interesting things happen at the juncture of different mediums: between field and water, the shape of a river, its sinewy curve, is defined. The Little Manatee River still follows the same winding, sinewy course it has for centuries. The mouth of the Sibun is dominated by mangroves and a winding, sinewy track. I suppose that speakers who associate the word sinew with the image of cord-like tendons in a pattern resembling a collection of veins might describe a delta as â€Å"sinewy,† but I suspect theyre in a minority. I rather think that a more usual reason writers describe a curving river as sinewy is that they are mixing the word up with sinuous. sinewy: muscular sinuous: curving and twisting Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word Formsâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Report on the BOOTS and ALLIANCE in talks over 7.5bn merger Essay

Report on the BOOTS and ALLIANCE in talks over 7.5bn merger - Essay Example The other company, which is inching towards the deal, is Alliance UniChem, which has an estimated market worth of nearly 3.2bn. The company conducts extensive wholesale operations all over the UK, Netherlands, Norway & Italy in the field of Drug Trade with the presence of nearly upto 1200 pharmacies throughout these countries. Over the last one year, the de-regulation of the market in the Pharmaceutical Sector has resulted in a stiffer competition in the high street market among retailing companies. Companies and Supermarkets now have the liberty to set up in-store pharmacies, which poses a danger to key pharmaceutical players like BOOTS and Alliance. In an analysis published in biotech-info.net- "Due to the softening of rules and the law, BOOTS is facing stiff competition from other pharmaceutical retailing majors such as TESCO, which enjoyed and continues to enjoy a place of dominance and monopoly in the market". Tougher competition from the supermarkets has forced Mr. Baker of BOOTS to cut the price of his products in an attempt to prop up the so far lukewarm sales, although this has put some further pressure on the profit and operating margins. As such, both the firms have decided that it is time to join hands in order to compete effectively in the market and also to improve upon their current individual deficiencies. The present deal is expected to give the new firm an industry share of nearly upto 20%. But the present deal has been met with a lot of speculation especially from the institutional shareholders who generally regard such nil-premium mergers with skepticism. The companies therefore intend to seek support for the deal by outlining the capacity of the new merged outfit's capacity to generate significant cost and purchasing synergies and boost

The Prime Minister of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin is great Essay

The Prime Minister of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin is great public speaker. Russia needs him - Essay Example His speeches are interesting, focused, and witty he makes use of a number of metaphors in them. His unique body posture, tone modulations, assertiveness, conviction, openness, boldness and diplomatic strategies make him one of my favorite public speakers. The five elements involved in effective public speaking are, â€Å"who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?† (The Definition of Public Speaking). Analyzing Putin’s speeches one can identify that they combine these elements to a large extend. For Jaffe, â€Å"public speaking occurs when one person prepares and delivers a speech for a group that listens, generally without interrupting the speaker’s flow of ideas†( Jaffe, 2009, p. 1). In the case of Vladimir Putin his words are highly valued not only by the Russians but also by the international community and as such he can be regarded as an effective public speaker. Vladimir Putin’s historical speech at the Security Conference in Munich, on February 10, 2007 has captured worldwide attention. Addressing the large number of defense ministers, parliamentarians and other representatives Putin strongly criticized the United States in trying to create a "uni-polar" world. In his short but powerful speech he severely condemns the United States that has â€Å"overstepped its borders in all spheres - economic, political and humanitarian, and has imposed itself on other states† and he warns world nations that the United States’ policy would only result in disasters (Watson, 2007). Vladimir Putin’s speeches demonstrate immense optimism and he firmly believes in the potential power of the nation’s political system. While may criticize that there is no modernization in the nation, the nation was stagnating and that corruption goes unchecked in the nation, Putin has defended himself effectively by citing the concrete deeds undertaken by the government. He

An empirical evaluation of the Purchasing Power Parity Dissertation

An empirical evaluation of the Purchasing Power Parity - Dissertation Example In pursuit of investigating the empirical validity of the PPP theory, this study uses the monthly Japanese Yen to US Dollar exchange rate and the seasonally adjusted Japanese and US monthly Consumer Price Index series as the representative of the price levels as available from OECD main economic indicators 2010. Our data set covers a sample period ranging from 1st January1960 to 1st June 2010. The indexing of CPI for both the Japanese and US series is in accordance with assuming the price level of 2005=100.5.  EstimationThis section presents the results of the estimations specified in section 2. We start of by presenting the statistical preliminaries and time series plots of the variables to engender a preconception of what can be expected from the estimated equations. a.  Statistical preliminariesTable 1 presents the summary statistics for the variables of interest. Note that these are expressed in terms of natural logarithms of the levels.Figure 1 below depicts the inter-tempor al dynamics of the natural logarithm of the series of Japanese Yen to US Dollar Exchange rates. Observe that the series provides a clear visual evidence of a downward trend implying that over the period of 1970 to 2011, there has been a gradual decline in the exchange rate. Additionally, the series also appears to be non-stationary. Of course stationarity properties can only be conclusively verified after formal conduction of unit root tests. Figure 3 presents the time plots of Japanese and US consumer price indices in logs.... tion: where is the natural log of the Japanese Yen to US Dollar exchange rate at time t, is the natural log of the price level index of Japan and is the natural log of the price level index of USA and is an additive iid noise term. 3. Testable Hypothesis The hypotheses that we can test using this specification are as follows: i) Strong or absolute PPP: ii) Relatively weaker form of PPP: ? iii) Weakest form of PPP: ? Note that for ii) and iii) to be valid specifications, the additive error term will have to be stationary. Otherwise estimates will be spurious. 4. Data In pursuit of investigating the empirical validity of the PPP theory, this study uses the monthly Japanese Yen to US Dollar exchange rate and the seasonally adjusted Japanese and US monthly Consumer Price Index series as the representative of the price levels as available from OECD main economic indicators 2010. Our data set covers a sample period ranging from 1st January1960 to 1st June 2010. The indexing of CPI for both the Japanese and US series is in accordance with assuming the price level of 2005=100. 5. Estimation This section presents the results of the estimations specified in section 2. We start of by presenting the statistical preliminaries and time series plots of the variables to engender a preconception of what can be expected from the estimated equations. a. Statistical preliminaries Table 1 presents the summary statistics for the variables of interest. Note that these are expressed in terms of natural logarithms of the levels. Table 1: Summary Statistics of the variables of interest Figure 1 below depicts the inter-temporal dynamics of the natural logarithm of the series of Japanese Yen to US Dollar Exchange rates. Observe that the series provides a clear visual evidence of a downward trend

Analysing Vitamins And Minerals Biology Essay

Analysing Vitamins And Minerals Biology Essay A free radical is reactive and unstable electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell. To become stable, the free radical has to either give up or gain an electron from another molecule (Tortora et al. 2006, p. 32), thus effecting the bodys ability to maintain normal cell function (Rolfes et a. 2009, p. 391). Free radicals have been implicated in the aging process, heart disease, the development of cancer and other chronic diseases (NCNZ 2009, p. 56). Antioxidants are natural compounds that prevent or neutralise the damaging effects of free radicals, by donating an electron to the unstable molecule without affecting their own stability. Each vitamin and mineral antioxidant functions to protect a particular part of the body (NCNZ 2009, p. 56). For example, selenium functions as a component of proteins that prevent free-radiacal formation (Rolfes et al. 2009, p. 457) in tissues and cell membranes, and Vitamin C protects body fluids from oxidative stress (Rolfes et al. 2009, p. 351). Briefly discuss three factors that can affect the assimilation of supplements. Include within your discussion the reasons why supplements may be necessary and why these are sometimes poorly utilised by the body. Supplement absorption is dependent upon many different factors such as the bodys nutritional requirements, digestive function and time, supplement form and method of preparation, the types of foods they are taken with, and the presence of synergists, co-factors or inhibitors. Most vitamins are well absorbed in the digestive tract. Water soluble vitamins are readily assimilated directly into the blood and are better absorbed when digested with food. Fat soluble vitamins enter the blood via the lymph and require carriers for transport (NCNZ2 2010, p. 48). Fat soluble vitamins are best taken after meals (Haas 2006, p. 90). A fat deficient diet limits assimilation of fat soluble vitamins (NCNZ2 2010, p. 49). Minerals have a lower absorption rate than vitamins they compete with other minerals for absorption, and often require carriers for absorption and transportation (NCNZ2 2010, p. 51). Low stomach acidity also impacts the absorption of vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin B12 (NCNZ1 2010, p. 26). Calcium also, requires adequate stomach acidity dissolve prior to assimilation (NCNZ2 2010, p. 52). Supplement form and method of preparation result in differing levels of bioavailability. Naturally derived vitamins and minerals are believed to be assimilated better by the body. Natural supplements may be absorbed up to 85% more than their synthetic counterparts (NCNZ1 2010, p. 8). Naturally occurring forms of the same vitamin or mineral may also differ in absorption. For example, alpha tocopherol is the most active of the eight different naturally occuring forms of Vitamin E (NCNZ1 2010, p. 17). Some minerals are bound or chelated to different compounds that enable the mineral to be better absorbed by the body. Ionic minerals are fully dissolved in water particles, and appear to have superior absorption rates (NCNZ1 2010, p. 11). A varied balance of nutrients are required to work effectively together as synergists and cofactors to promote the absorption and function of vitamins and minerals in the body (NCNZ1 2010, p. 10). Vitamins and minerals can interact as synergists. Cofactors can include enzymes and coenzymes, amino acids, antioxidants, and activators (NCNZ1 2010, p. 9). For example, Vitamin C absorption is increased when taken with bioflavonoids (NCNZ1 2010, p. 28). And Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is a synergist for Vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, calcium, magnesium, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium. List four points detailing when supplementation may be necessary for someone? Declining mineral levels in foods: As the human body does not manufacture minerals, we need to obtain our daily requirements through our diet. However, intensive farming and agricultural practices since WWII have resulted in minerally deficient foods grown in nutrient depleted soils. If our fresh produce is deficient in nutrients, we may require additional supplementation as well as a healthy diet (NCNZ1 2010, p. 6). Pregnancy: Women who are planning pregnancy, are pregnant, or who are breastfeeding benefit from a balanced diet and supplementation of certain nutrients such as iron, folic acid and zinc to ensure an adequate supply of micronutrients to minimise the risk of maternal problems and birth defects (Haas 2006, p. 569). Life stages: Haas (2006, p. 89) recommends taking additional supplements to support the best possible health during life transition periods, such as adolscence or menopause. Supplementation is particularly beneficial in the elderly as they eat less, and are less efficient at assimilating nutrients from food. High consumption of stimulants: High consumption of refined foods, caffiene, alcohol and regular smoking can deplete nutrients in our body (Haas 2006, p. 154). Nutritional deficiencies create a variety of symptoms and increase our susceptibility to disease. Supplementation can used as a primary treatment for specific problems, for detoxification, or to restore nutritional imbalances (Haas 2006, p. 88-89). C r NCr Question 5 What is the best absorbed form of vitamin E? List three female health complaints where evidence has shown that vitamin E can help. The most bioavailable form of vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol. Naturally occurring vitamin E (d-ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherol) is more biologically active and potent than its synthetic equivalent dl-ÃŽÂ ± tocopherol (Zimmerman 2001, p. 29). Fibrocystic breast disease Clinical studies have shown vitamin E supplementation as an effective treatment for fibrocystic breast disease (Murray 1998, p. 456; Haas 2006, p. 104; Zimmerman 2001, p. 32). Menopause Vitamin E supplementation of 400-800IU daily has been shown to reduce symptoms associated with menopause, particularly hot flushes and atrophic vaginitis (Stengler 2001, p 479; Murray 1998, p. 637, Haas 2006, p. 104) . Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Symptoms of breast tenderness, depression, nervous tension, headaches, fatigue, insomnia and cravings are reduced in women with PMS following vitamin E supplementation (Murray et al. 1998, p. 747; Stengler 2001, p. 480; Zimmerman 2001, p. 32). C r NCr Question 6 Name at least five whole food sources that are high in vitamin K. Whole food sources high in vitamin K include leafy greens such as cabbage, kale, lettuce and spinach, alfalfa, kelp, eggs, fish and wholegrain oats (Haas 2006, p. 107; NCNZ 2010, p. 17). Apart from food sources, how else is this vitamin provided? Vitamin K is produced in the human body by intestinal bacteria (NCNZ 2010, p. 17). List three important functions of vitamin K. The synthesis of coagulation proteins in the liver Factors II, VII, IX and X in the coagulation cascade, all necessary for blood clotting Required for bone formation, Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of the bone protein osteocalcin which regulates calcium metabolism. Assists in glycogenesis the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver. (Balch 2006, p. 27) C r NCr Question 7 List four unrefined sources that are high in vitamin A and four good sources of beta carotene. Unrefined sources high in retinol include liver, fish liver oil, egg yolks and whole milk. Sources of beta carotene include carrots, apricots, rockmelon and kumara (Haas 2006, p. 93). Describe the pathway of conversion between beta carotene and vitamin A. Provitamin A beta-carotene is converted to retinal during absorption in the upper intestine and by the liver, and further converted by the body to Vitamin A retinol (Haas 2006, p. 92). Why may large doses of vitamin A be toxic to the body as opposed to high doses of beta carotene? Retinols are absorbed faster and processed more efficiently than beta-carotenes. Conversion of beta-carotene to retinol is regulated in the body and stored in adipose tissue until required (Rolfes et al. 2***, p. 374). Diets that are low in fat may contribute to decreased absorption of which group of nutrients? The fat soluble vitamins A, E, D and K. Also absorption of carotenoids, such as beta-carotene is enhanced by consuming fat with a meal (NCNZ1 2010, p. 14). C r NCr Question 8 Many of the B vitamins have corresponding tongue and mouth deficiency signs. On the tongue diagrams provided, draw the various signs of B vitamin deficiency that might be seen and write underneath any mouth signs. B1: Lines down the side of tongue and furrows on tongue. B2: Angular stomatitis; cracked lips; cold sores; a sore, bright red or purple tongue that may be mapped. B3: Mouth sores; cracks in the tongue, often in the middle; a red tip; scalloping; raised papillae; possible small tongue. B5: Big, red, beefy tongue with cracks and furrows. B6: Angular stomatitis; enlarged red tongue; redness on the edge of the tongue B12: Tongue may be smooth, with a strawberry tip and edge. (NCNZ 2010, p. 20-27) C r NCr Question 9 Name five unrefined foods that are especially high in B vitamins, at least two of them should be from vegetarian sources. Liver, brewers yeast, whole grains, wheat germ, legumes. Describe how a deficiency of vitamin B3 leads to symptoms of anxiety or depression, poor sleeping, and carbohydrate cravings? Trytophan is a precursor of seratonin and vitamin B3 (Haas 2006, p. 47). Vitamin B3 is converted from tryptophan if vitamin B3 levels are low, which depletes serotonin levels. Low levels of serotonin can lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, carbohydrate cravings and insomnia (NCNZ 2010, p. 22). List seven other vitamins or minerals that are important for stress response? Vitamin A, C, E Selenium are potent antioxidants that reduce free radical damage caused by stress. Vitamin C also supports adrenal function. All the B vitamins are required for the proper functioning of the nervous system, particularly Vitamin B5, considered the anti-stress vitamin essential for healthy adrenal function (NCNZ 2010). Calcium and Magnesium are both deficient when stressed. Calcium is important for nerve transmission and aids relaxation and Magesium, a natural tranquilizer, helps to balance the nervous system (Haas 2006, p. 602). What is the full name of vitamin B7? List three therapeutic uses for this vitamin. Biotin can be used therapeutically to control blood glucose in diabetes, for fat metabolism and utilisation in weight management, to prevent hair loss when related to biotin deficiency, and for dermatological conditions such as dermatits and eczema (Haas 2006, p. 128). A deficiency of which digestive juices can contribute to B12 deficiency? Hydrochloric acid aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 (Haas 2006, p. 125). What dietary factors can contribute to a B12 deficiency? B12 deficiency can occur in people with strict vegetarian diets (Haas 2006, p. 126). Dairy and wheat intolerances interfere with Vitamin B12 absorption, and excessive consumption of alcohol and coffee can reduce B12 levels (NCNZ 2010, p.26). C r NCr Question 10 What vitamins and minerals are affected by oral contraceptive pill (O.C.P) use? Discuss whether their absorption is increased or decreased by the O.C.P. The OCP interferes with the metabolism of most of the B vitamins. In particular, reduced levels of B6, B9 and B12 are related to inadequate absorption (Haas 2006, p. 718). The OCP may also decrease absorption of Vitamin C in the body (Balch 2006, p. 24; Haas 2006, p. 718). Copper absorption is increased with OCP use (NCNZ 2010, p. 34). Zinc absorption is decreased due to high copper levels, therefore zinc levels drop also (NCNZ 2010, p. 44; Haas 2006, p. 718). C r NCr Question 11 Which four main nutrients and cofactors are necessary for the prevention of anaemia? Iron, vitamin B12, Folic acid and Vitamin C (NCNZ1 2010; Balch 2006, p. 201). C r NCr Question 12 List five factors that increase, and five factors that decrease, the absorption of calcium Increase calcium absorption Decrease calcium absorption Moderate exercise Lack of exercise Vitamin D Excess dietary fat Lactose Oxalic acid foods (e.g. almonds, cocoa, rhubarb, spinach) Amino acid lysine Phytates (found in whole grain foods) Gastric hydrochloric acid Stress (NCNZ 2010, p. 30; Balch 2006, p. 31; Haas 2001, p. 155) Research and describe with reasoning how magnesium can benefit three specific health conditions: Cardiovascular disease, PMS, depression, hypertension Cardiovascular disease: According to Haas (2006, p. 666), Magnesium may be the single most important nutrient in CVD protection, especially when it is deficient. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with fatal cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, heart disease and sudden cardiac arrest (Balch 2006, p. 36; Haas 2006, p. 162). Mg is involved in many enzyme actions controlling glucose, protein and fats (Balch 2006, p. 301) which contribute to energy production and cardiovascular function. Mg assists in maintaining proper heart rhythm and blood pressure (Balch 2006, p. 467). Magnesium is required for the electrical stability of the myocardium, is used to produce energy for heart contractions and regular rhythm, and also relaxes the blood vessel walls, improving circulation and reducing blood pressure. (Haas 2006, p. 666; Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). Mg also keeps calcium in circulation, minimizing increased muscle contractility and nerve conduction of the heart (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). A randomized clinical trial showed that intravenous magnesium administered in acute myocardial infarction was associated with a 49% reduction in ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, a 58% reduction in the incidence of cardiac arrest, and a 54% reduction in mortality (Horner, 1992). Research has shown that increased dietary and supplemental magnesium intake was possibly associated with a modestly lower risk of CVD among men (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). In a cohort study of women, higher plasma concentrations and dietary magnesium intakes were associated with lower risks of sudden cardiac death (Chiuve et al. 2011). Other research have demonstrated that higher magnesium intake was associated with lower blood pressure and lower risk of type 2 diabetes, both of which are risk factors for CVD (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). Al-Delaimy W. Rimm E. Willet W. Stampfer M. Hu F. (2004), Magnesium Intake and Risk of CHYPERLINK http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/23/1/63oronary Heart Disease among Men, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23 (1), p. 63-70 Chiuve S, Januzzi J. Gantzer M. Albert C. (2011) Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 93 (2), p. 253-260 Horner S. (1992), Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Reducing Arrhythmias and Mortality: Meta-analysis of Magnesium in Acute Myocardial Infarction, Circulation, Vol. 86, p. 774-779 PMS: Magnesium (Mg) is known fluctuate across the menstrual cycle and is often at its lowest level during menstruation (Haas 2006, p.164). Mg is involved in various cellular pathways and neuromuscular actions which affect PMS, and deficiency may be related (Balch 2006, p. 646). Haas (2006, p. 721) suggests that Mg may assist with PMS symptoms such as anxiety, mood swings, fatigue, irritability, dysmenorrhoea, pre-menstrual depression and bloating. Mg has been noted to reduce negative mood and water retention, and is more effective than placebo in some studies. One study demonstrated the synergistic effect of Mg + vitamin B6 on reducing anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms such as nervous tension, mood swings and irritability (De Souza, 2000). However, a double blinded placebo controlled study of intravenous magnesium infusion in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder found no significant difference in mood symptoms and no evidence of magnesium deficiency when compared to the control group (Braverman, 2007). Limited evidence suggests that Mg supplements might be useful in treating premenstrual symptoms and warrants further investigation. Braverman P. (2007), Mini-Review: Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Journal of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology, Vol. 20, p. 3-12 De Souza M. Walker A. Robinson P. Bolland K. (2000), A Synergistic Effect of a Daily Supplement for 1 Month of 200 mg Magnesium plus 50 mg Vitamin B6 for the Relief of Anxiety-Related Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study, Journal of Womens Health Gender-Based Medicine, Vol. 9 (2), p. 131-139 Depression: It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency causes most major depression episodes and related mental health illnesses. Treatment using magnesium glycinate or taurinate is important for restoring balance (Eby, 2010), and for relaxation and dealing with stress (Haas 2006, p.737). Magnesium chloride (Magnesia muriatica) has been used successfully as a homeopathic treatment of emotional problems such as anxiety, apathy, aversions, despair, depression, discontent, headaches, fear, insecurity, irritability, moodiness and uncertainty (Eby, 2006). Magnesium is necessary in the actions of over 300 enzymes, many of which have a wide role in brain biochemistry, implicating magnesium deficiency in a variety of neuroses (Eby, 2006). It plays a vital role in all the major metabolisms in oxidation-reduction and in ionic regulation (Eby, 2010). Magnesium ions regulate calcium ion flow in neuronal calcium channels, regulating neuronal nitric oxide production. Magnesium deficiency may cause N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-coupled calcium channels to be biased towards opening, causing neuronal damage and neurological dysfunction, exhibited as major depression (Eby, 2006). Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) magnesium has been found low in patients with treatment-resistant suicidal depression, and brain magnesium has been found low in treatment-resistant depression. However, low blood magnesium levels is not associated with major depression. Insufficient brain magnesium is proposed to reduce serotonin levels (Eby, 2010). Hypothyroidism (symptoms include depression), is associated with low magnesium whereby circulating T4 levels interrelate with magnesium serum levels (Eby, 2006). Oral magnesium treatment has been found to be effective in treating major depression (Eby, 2010). Case histories have shown that patients taking 125-300  mg of magnesium glycinate and taurinate taken with meals and before bed show a speedy recovery from major depression (Eby, 2006). Eby (2010) recommends that magnesium be prescribed for treatment-resistant depression, with continued research required to further confirm current findings. Eby G. Eby K. (2006), Rapid Recovery from Major HYPERLINK http://ezproxy.massagecollege.ac.nz:2051/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WN2-4JHMS7D-3_user=8750106_coverDate=12/31/2006_alid=1680154477_rdoc=4_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=6950_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=20625_acct=C000107557_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8750106md5=fa99ab1c8e18348d65cd4a0f313c960bsearchtype=aDepression using HYPERLINK http://ezproxy.massagecollege.ac.nz:2051/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WN2-4JHMS7D-3_user=8750106_coverDate=12/31/2006_alid=1680154477_rdoc=4_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=6950_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=20625_acct=C000107557_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8750106md5=fa99ab1c8e18348d65cd4a0f313c960bsearchtype=aMagnesium Treatment, Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 67, p. 362-370 Eby G. Eby K. (2010) Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and hypothesis,  Ã‚   Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 74 (4), p. 649-660 STOMACH CANCER Selenium you need to go over most of the  nutrients and sort out which relate to which type of cancer.   There is a very good section in Prescription for Nutritional Healing (Balch Balch) on different cancers and treatments including nutritional ones.   If you dig through Haas also you will find plenty of references to cancer and nutrients.   There are also references in the study notes, as you have mentioned.   NCr