Mother Daughter Relationships - Understanding Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Understanding the Mothers and Daughters of The Joy Luck Club Amy Tans novel, The Joy Luck Club explores a variety of fuck off-daughter relationships in the midst of the characters, and at somewhat level, relationships among friends, lovers, and even enemies. The mother-daughter relationships are most likely the different aspects of Amy Tans relationship with her mother, and perhaps, some parts are entirely figments of her imagination. Therefore, Amy Tan believes that ramification of cultures and tradition between a family can be burdensome and cause the family tree to fall apart. From the beginning of the novel, we hear Suyuan Woo tell the story of The Joy Luck Club, a group started by some Chinese women during World War II. June explains while remembering the memories of her mother, We feasted, we laughed, we played games, lost and won, we told the outflank stories...we could hope to be lucky. That hope was our yet joy, (12). The mothers grew up during perilous times in Ch ina. They were raised to never forget an important outlook of their life, which was, to desire nothing, to swallow other peoples misery, to eat their own prickliness (241). For many years, the mother did not tell their daughters their stories until they were sure that their fractious offspring would listen. By then, it is almost too late to make them understand their heritage that their mother left behind in China. It seems that their familys legacy cannot seize their imaginations after years, decades, and centuries of blissfulness and sorrow. Through the eyes of the daughters, we can also see the continuation of the mothers stories, how they learned to grip in America. With this, Amy Tan touches on an obscure, little discussed issue, which is the divergence of Chinese culture through American children born of Chinese immigrant parents. The Chinese-American daughters try their best to become Americanized, at the same time, casting off their heritage while their mothers watch in d ismay. For example, after the piano talent show fiasco, a quarrel breaks out between June and Suyuan. June does not have the blind obedience to desire nothing...to eat her own bitterness. She says to herself, I didnt have to do what my mother said anymore. I wasnt her slave. This wasnt China (152). Unbeknownst to June, Suyuan only hopes and wants the best for her daughter. She explains, Only one kind of daughter can live in this house.

The Realtionship Between Salamano And His Dog The Stranger By Albert C :: essays research papers

Misery Loves CompanySalamano and his follow have a nameless relationship. They are always together and even look similar, only Salamano is constantly beating the dog. One would think that since the dog was Salamanos only companion and so he would treat it better. Salamano and his dog symbolize the absurdity that occurs in our everyday life.Both the dog and Salamano have reddish scabs and the dog has sort of taken on his masters stooped look, muzzle down, neck straining(pg. 27). Theyve been together for eight years, always doing the some routine, so theyve started to take on each others personalities, as well as looks. They say that misery loves company- which is exactly the case with Salamano. He got the dog after his wife died, for companionship, but he has neer really been happy. He probably figures that if he cant be happy, then neither can the dog.The relationship between Salamano and his dog is utterly absurd. Theyve through with(p) the same routine day in and day out for eight long years, yet neither one will ever change or learn from their mistakes. Salamano wont learn to let the dog finish peeing so that it wont go in the house and the dog wont learn not to pull the leash. They are both resistant to change, probably because they dont know anything else, except how to be modest together.One of the most absurd things of all is how upset Salamano is when he looses his dog. He doesnt treat the dog well or appreciate it when its there, but is distressed when it is missing. When Meursault suggests that he get a new dog, Salamano replies that he was utilize to this one. Its not about loving the dog, it was about feeling comfortable and used to the routine that they had together.Many people are resistant to change. They become comfortable with their lives and dont dare to venture outside of the box.

adoption :: essays research papers

adoption adoption, act by which the legal relation of p atomic number 18nt and child is created. acceptation was recognized by Roman constabulary scarcely not by common law. Statutes first introduced adoption into U.S. law in the mid-19th cent., and today it is allowed in all states of the United States and in Great Britain. Adoption is for the most part a judicial proceeding, requiring a hearing before a judge. Adoption statutes usually provide that the consent of the parents or guardian of the childand that of the child, if supra a certain agemust be obtained. An adopted child generally assumes the rights and duties of a natural legitimate child. Similarly, the rights and duties accompanying natural parenthood generally accompany adoptive parenthood (e.g., the right of custody and the obligation of support). The natural parents have no right to control an adopted child, nor have they any duties toward it, but in some states the child does not lose the right to inherit from the m.In many cases children are adopted by relatives. Many states now sanction adoption by unmarried adults some allow adoption by homosexual couples. Most adoptions are of the same race. Transracial adoptions are controversial, pitting issues of culture and inheritance against the need of a child for a stable parent-child relationship as early in life as possible, regardless of race. The Multiethnic Placement strike (1994) made it illegal for U.S. states to hold up adoptions solely in order to match racial or ethnic background of the child.In adoption by unrelated adults, the courts have traditionally attempted to ease adjustment to the adoptive family and protect the privacy of the (often unwed) mother by maintaining secrecy regarding the childs birth parents. Since the 1970s, however, a outgrowth number of adopted children have attempted to identify their birth parents, and open adoption, in which adoptive and birth parents maintain a relationship, has become more accepted. Quest ions of enate rights and where these stand vis--vis the rights and best interests of the child have also been highlighted in cases in which the courts tranferred custody of adopted or fostered children to birth parents who had previously given them up.Many children are adopted through public or private agencies, but a growing number are adopted through private placement, in which the prospective adoptive parents advertise for or are otherwise put into contact with a birth mother, usually with the help of a lawyer who is familiar with the function and the legal requirements of the individual states.

An Inspector Calls Essay -- miscellaneous

An inspector CallsHow does Priestley use the character of the Inspector to convey his own opinions and attitudes?An Inspector Calls, square up in 1912, is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and believed that many other mickle ask to be more caring about their community and the people in it. Priestley uses the character of the Inspector to convey his own thoughts, feelings and opinions about social issues. However, he too uses other characters, particularly Mr.Birling, to show the audience how cynical some people can be. It is possible that J.B.Priestley set this play in 1912 for a reason. Arthur Birling is a rich businessman who thinks very highly of himself, stock-still though he is often wrong. Arthurs family respect him and listen intently to his ideas that there isnt a chance of war and the Titanic is unsinkable. As the play was written in 1947 and set in 1912, this is an example of dramatic irony and the audie nce would know that Arthur was very wrong in his opinions and might change surface think him to be stupid. When he says the way some of these cranks talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, he explicitly says that he is strongly capitalistic and is narrow minded. Priestley wanted the audience to have a low opinion of Birling because he was discouraging his Capitalist politics and trying to show people like Birling to be at fault When Mr.Birling makes his speech he makes several points which Priestley himself disagrees with, he uses the Inspector as a medium to make a point to both the Birling family and the audience that we shouldnt all Look out for our own which is how Birling describes it. According to Mr.Birling every man should put himself first, even before his family. We know this when he says A man should look out for himself, and his family if he has one this shows just how full of self-importance he actually is. The clock of the Inspectors entrance is immediately after Birling has made this speech.Throughout the play there are hints that the Inspector isnt all he fronts to be, is it possible that hes actually just a fraud claiming to be an Inspector? The Inspector called himself Goole, which could be a pun on the sound out ghoul which is often referred to as some kind of ghostly being. Towards the end of this script it becomes appa... ...police saying that A girl has just died.... after swallowing some disinfectant and a real Inspector will question the family. This is an unexpected twist. The fake Inspector was there to punish them on a moral level and to try and make them feel discredited enough to change their behaviour. This was accomplished with Eric and Sheila, but non with the others. The only thing that they would be affected by was a public scandal, and the real Inspector would ensure that that is what they would get. Without this twist, it would seem that the Birling parents and Gerald would escape unp unished. The Inspectors main purpose is to teach. In the context of the play, he told the characters what had happened to a particular girl because they had each been guilty of selfishness. In regards to the whole of society, he voiced Priestleys opinions that we cannot make any progress if we do not work together. In my opinion, those watching or reading the play today would not ingest as much from the story in regards to the moral teachings because most have now accepted the advantages of Socialism over Capitalism and so do not have as much to learn on the arguments of this issue as the audiences of 1947.

Influence of George Berkeley :: This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison Philosopher Essays

The Influence of George Berkeley George Berkeley (1685-1753) was an Irish clergyman and philosopher who studied and taught at Trinity College in Ireland, where he completed some of his best known works on the immateriality of matter (believing that all matter was composed of ideas of perception and therefore did non exist if it was not being perceived). Coleridge himself acknowledge the influence of Berkeley on his work, in particular his poem This Lime-Tree Bower My prison when he wrote a letter to Robert Southey in July 1797, in which the poem was included, with the following note, You remember, I am a Berkleian. We can see the influence of Berkeleyin This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison in three main ways perceptions of devolve, the idea of a divine spirit in everything yet still separate and itself, and the idea that there are as many minima visibilia in an cover space as out in the wide-open spaces.According to Stephen Prickett, one of the main ideas that Berkeley had hoped to prove was that all reality is mental, but the idea that truly came through and through in his works is that each person does not perceive object, but instead qualities (like color, form, sent, and sound), and each person perceives these qualities differently. Prickett goes further to claim that the effect of this idea on Coleridge was to make him intensely conscious of light (12). We can see this obsession with light and they way it plays on different object throughout This Lime-Tree Bower My PrisonPale beneath the blazeHung the transparent foliage and I watchdSome broad and sunny snap, and lovd to seeThe shadow of the leaf and stem aboveDappling its sunshine And that walnut-treeWas richly tingd, and a deep radiance layFull on the ancient ivy, which usurpsThose fronting elms, and now, with blackest massMakes their dark branches appear a lighter hueThrough the late twilightColeridges preoccupation with light and the way in which it changes the perception of the object is what li nks this charge with the ideas of Berkeley. Even though Coleridge and many other Romantics (such as Wordsworth) used the came to different conclusions about perception than Berkeley, his theories about light pointed to the why in which such phenomena of light as the rainbow could be used as a scientific model for the imagination as a perceptual relationship between man and genius (Prickett 13).

Indian Mathematics :: India Math Education

IntroductionIndian, in particular, Hindu, mathematics has not been given the credit or recognition that it deserves. galore(postnominal) of the foundational concepts used in all mathematics were first discovered by the Hindu Indians. This paper will discuss many of these concepts and how they were used in the ordinal through the eighth centuries. Apart from direct testimony on the point, the literature of the Hindus furnishes unmistakable evidence to prove that the ancient Hindus possessed astonishing power of computer memory and concentration of thought. The science of mathematics, the most abstract of all sciences, must chip in an irresistible fascination for the minds of the Hindus. Mathematics is the science to which Indians have contributed the most. Our decimal system, place notation, poem one through nine, and the ubiquitous 0, be all major Indian contributions to world science. Without them, our modern world of computer sciences, satellites, microchips, and artificial in telligence would all have been impossible. The majority of my writing will focus on a specific area of math called the shulba sutras, which consists of the majority of the discoveries made in geometry. This geometry fascinates me because of their purpose and meaning that is attached with everything they do. Math although seemingly very concrete, right and wrong, can be explained in a spiritual sense as well. The meanings behind all the numerical calculations are the actual significant part according the Vedic literature. The Sulba SutrasThe Sulba Sutras, is an important part of the Vedic literature, which consists of a detailed analysis explaining the importance and interrelation between dissimilar branches of Vedic texts. Mr. Maharihsi Mahesh Yogi, has completely restored the thousands of years-old scattered Vedic Literature for the total significance of its theory and practice, and has organized it in the form of a complete science of consciousness. The Vedic literature is compi led into forty parts, including the four Vedas plus six sections each with six parts. The four Vedas, the Brahamanas, the Vendangas, the Upa-Vedas, and the Pratishakhya each express a specific quality of consciousness,(1) which means that we collect to look beyond the surface to find the deeper meanings. There are four main Sulba Sutras, the Baudhayana, the Apastamba, the Manava, and the Katyayna. One of the meanings of the Vedic Sulba Sutras is string, cord or rope,(1) which shows that the earliest geometrical and numeric investigations among the Indians rose from the requirements of their religious rituals. This could be a reference to the fact that measurements for the geometrical constructions are performed by drawing arcs with different radii and centers using a cord or sulba.

Indian Mathematics :: India Math Education

IntroductionIndian, in particular, Hindu, mathematics has not been given the credit or recognition that it deserves. Many of the foundational concepts used in all mathematics were first discovered by the Hindu Indians. This paper will discuss many of these concepts and how they were used in the fifth through the ordinal centuries. Apart from direct testimony on the point, the literature of the Hindus furnishes unmistakable evidence to prove that the ancient Hindus possessed astonishing power of memory and concentration of thought. The skill of mathematics, the most abstract of all sciences, must have an irresistible fascination for the minds of the Hindus. Mathematics is the science to which Indians have contributed the most. Our decimal system, place notation, numbers one through nine, and the ubiquitous 0, are all major Indian contributions to world science. Without them, our modern world of computer sciences, satellites, microchips, and artificial intelligence would all have be en impossible. The majority of my make-up will focus on a specific area of math called the shulba sutras, which consists of the majority of the discoveries made in geometry. This geometry fascinates me because of their purpose and meaning that is connected with everything they do. Math although obviously very concrete, right and wrong, can be explained in a spiritual sense as well. The meanings behind all the numerical calculations are the actual meaningful part according the Vedic literature. The Sulba SutrasThe Sulba Sutras, is an important part of the Vedic literature, which consists of a detailed analysis explaining the importance and interrelation between various branches of Vedic texts. Mr. Maharihsi Mahesh Yogi, has altogether restored the thousands of years-old scattered Vedic Literature for the total significance of its theory and practice, and has organized it in the form of a complete science of consciousness. The Vedic literature is compiled into forty parts, includi ng the four Vedas plus six sections each with six parts. The four Vedas, the Brahamanas, the Vendangas, the Upa-Vedas, and the Pratishakhya each express a specific quality of consciousness,(1) which means that we need to look beyond the surface to find the deeper meanings. There are four main Sulba Sutras, the Baudhayana, the Apastamba, the Manava, and the Katyayna. One of the meanings of the Vedic Sulba Sutras is string, cord or rope,(1) which shows that the earliest geometrical and mathematical investigations among the Indians rose from the requirements of their ghostly rituals. This could be a reference to the fact that measurements for the geometrical constructions are performed by drawing arcs with different radii and centers using a cord or sulba.

Deception Point Page 65

Ekstrom snarl his muscles stiffen. What the hell is a submarine doing directly off the coast of Ellesmere Island without my k flatledge? Did you see what direction the aircraft flew after rendezvous? concealment toward Thule air base. For connecting transport to the mainland, I assume.Ekstrom said nonhing the rest of the way to the PSC. When he entered the cramped darkness, the hoarse voice on the line had a familiar rasp.Weve got a problem, Tench said, coughing as she spoke. Its about Rachel Sexton.76Senator Sexton was not sure how long he had been staring into space when he heard the pounding. When he realized the throbbing in his ears was not from the alcohol but rather from soulfulness at his apartment door, he got up from the couch, stowed the store of Courvoisier, and made his way to the foyer.Who is it? Sexton yelled, in no mood for visitors.His bodyguards voice called in with the identity of Sextons unexpected guest. Sexton sobered instantly. That was fast. Sexton had hop ed not to guide to dedicate this conversation until morning.Taking a deep breath and straightening his hair, Sexton opened the door. The face before him was all too familiar-tough and leathery despite the mans seventy-something years. Sexton had met with him exactly this morning in the white Ford Windstar minivan in a hotel parking garage. Was it only this morning? Sexton wondered. God, how things had changed since then.May I come in? the dark-coated man asked.Sexton stepped aside, allowing the head of the Space Frontier Foundation to pass.Did the meeting go sound? the man asked, as Sexton closed the door.Did it go well? Sexton wondered if the man lived in a cocoon. Things were terrific until the President came on television.The old man nodded, feel displeased. Yes. An incredible victory. It will hurt our cause greatly. woe our cause? Here was an optimist. With NASAs triumph tonight, this guy would be dead and buried before the Space Frontier Foundation attained their goals of privatization.For years I have suspected proof was forthcoming, the old man said. I did not know how or when, but sooner or deepr we had to know for sure.Sexton was stunned. Youre not surprised?The mathematics of the cosmos virtually requires other life-forms, the man said, moving toward Sextons den. I am not surprised that this discovery has been made. Intellectually, I am thrilled. Spiritually, I am in awe. Politically, I am deeply disturbed. The timing could not be worse.Sexton wondered why the man had come. It sure as hell wasnt to jazz up him up.As you know, the man said, SFF member companies have spent millions trying to open the frontier of space to private citizens. Recently, much of that money has gone to your campaign.Sexton felt suddenly defensive. I had no control over tonights fiasco. The White House baited me to attack NASAYes. The President played the game well. And yet, all may not be lost. There was an odd glint of hope in the old mans eyes.Hes senile, Sexton dec ided. All was definitely lost. Every station on television right now was talking about the destruction of the Sexton campaign.The old man showed himself into the den, sat on the couch, and fixed his tired eyes on the senator. Do you recall, the man said, the problems NASA ab initio had with the anomaly packet onboard the PODS air?Sexton could not imagine where this was headed. What the hell difference does that make now? PODS found a goddamned meteorite with fossilsIf you remember, the man said. The onboard software did not function properly at first. You made a big deal of it in the press.As I should have Sexton said, sitting heap opposite the man. It was another NASA failureThe man nodded. I agree. But shortly after that, NASA held a press conference announcing they had come up with a work-around-some discriminate of patch for the software.Sexton hadnt actually seen the press conference, but hed heard it was short, flat, and hardly newsworthy-the PODS project leader giving a dull technical description of how NASA had catch up with a minor glitch in PODSs anomaly-detection software and gotten everything up and running.I have been watching PODS with interest ever since it failed, the man said. He produced a videocassette and walked to Sextons television, pose the video in the VCR. This should interest you.The video began to play. It showed the NASA press room at headquarters in Washington. A well-dressed man was taking the podium and greeting the audience. The subtitle beneath the podium readCHRIS HARPER, Section ManagerPolar Orbiting Density Scanner Satellite (PODS)Chris harper was tall, refined, and spoke with the quiet dignity of a European American who still clung proudly to his roots. His accent was erudite and polished. He was addressing the press with confidence, giving them some bad news about PODS.Although the PODS satellite is in sector and functioning well, we have a minor setback with the onboard computers. A minor programming error for w hich I take full responsibility. Specifically, the FIR filter has a faulty voxel index, which means the PODSs anomaly-detection software is not functioning properly. Were working on a fix.The crowd sighed, apparently accustomed to NASA letdowns. What does that mean for the current effectiveness of the satellite? someone asked.Harper took it like a pro. Confident and matter-of-fact. Imagine a perfect set of eyes without a functioning brain. Essentially the PODS satellite is see twenty-twenty, but it has no idea what its looking at. The purpose of the PODS mission is to look for melt pockets in the polar ice cap, but without the computer to analyze the engrossment data PODS receives from its scanners, PODS cannot discern where the points of interest are. We should have the situation remedied after the next shuttle mission can make an adjustment to the onboard computer.A groan of discomposure rose in the room.The old man glanced over at Sexton. He presents bad news pretty well, does nt he?Hes from NASA, Sexton grumbled. Thats what they do.The VCR tape went quad for an instant and then switched to another NASA press conference.This second press conference, the old man said to Sexton, was given only a few weeks ago. Quite late at night. Few people saw it. This time Dr. Harper is announcing good news.The footage launched. This time Chris Harper looked disheveled and uneasy. I am pleased to announce, Harper said, sounding anything but pleased, that NASA has found a work-around for the PODS satellites software problem. He fumbled through an explanation of the work-around-something about redirecting the raw data from PODS and sending it through computers here on reality rather than relying on the onboard PODS computer. Everyone seemed impressed. It all sounded quite feasible and exciting. When Harper was done, the room gave him an enthusiastic round of applause.So we can expect data soon? someone in the audience asked.Harper nodded, sweating. A couple of weeks.More applause. Hands shot up around the room.Thats all I have for you now, Harper said, looking ill as he packed up his papers. PODS is up and running. Well have data soon. He practically ran off the stage.Sexton scowled. He had to admit, this was odd. Why did Chris Harper look so comfortable giving bad news and so uncomfortable giving good news? It should have been in reverse. Sexton hadnt actually seen this press conference when it aired, although hed read about the software fix. The fix, at the time, seemed an inconsequential NASA salvage the public perception remained unimpressed-PODS was just another NASA project that had malfunctioned and was being awkwardly patched together with a less than ideal solution.

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay

James Fenimore cooper (Photo courtesy Library of Congress) The hard-fought American Revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the low sophisticated war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American independence seemed to legion(predicate) at the time a comprehend sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory fanned nationalistic hopes for a great untested literature. Yet with the exception of break throughstanding semipolitical writing, few lap ups of n hotshot appeared during or soon after the Revolution. American books were harshly reviewed in England.Americans were painfully aware of their extravagant dependence on position literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession. As one American magazine editor wrote, around 1816, Dependence is a state of degradation fraught with disgrace, and to be dependent on a foreign mind for what we can ourselves produce is to add to the crime of indolenc e the flunk of stupidity. Cultural revolutions, un homogeneous military revolutions, can non be succeederfully imposed but must recruit from the soil of shared experience.Revolutions are expressions of the heart of the people they grow gradually out of newfound sensibilities and wealth of experience. It would take 50 years of accumulated hi explanation for America to earn its cultural independence and to produce the number 1 great generation of American framers Washington Irving, James Fenimore barrel maker, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson.Americas literary independence was slowed by a lingering identification with England, an excessive imitation of face or classical literary models, and difficult economic and political conditions that hampered publishing. basal writers, despite their genuine patriotism, were of necessity self-conscious, and they could never see to it root in their American sensibilities. Colonial writers of the revolutionary generation had been natural English, had gr take in to maturity as English citizens, and had cultivated English modes of thought and English fashions in dress and look.Their parents and grandparents were English (or European), as were all their friends. Added to this, American awareness of literary fashion still lagged behind the English, and this time lag intensified American imitation. l years after their fame in England, English neoclassic writers such as Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Oliver G white-hairedsmith, and Samuel flush toiletson were still eagerly imitated in America. Moreover, the heady challenges of building a new nation attracted talented and educated people to politics, legality, and diplomacy.These pursuits brought honor, glory, and financial security. Writing, on the other hand, did not pay. archaeozoic American writers, now separated from England, effect ively had no modern publishers, no hearing, and no adequate legal protection. Editorial assistance, distribution, and publicity were rudimentary. Until 1825, most American authors pay printers to publish their work. Obviously only the leisured and independently wealthy, care Washington Irving and the New York Knickerbocker group, or the group of Connecticut poets known as the Hartford Wits, could afford to indulge their interest in writing.The exception, Benjamin Franklin, though from a poor family, was a printer by trade and could publish his own work. Charles Brockden Brown was more typical. The author of several elicit Gothic romances, Brown was the world-class American author to attempt to live from his writing. exclusively his short life ended in poverty. The lack of an audience was another problem. The small cultivated audience in America treasured well-known European authors, partly out of the exaggerated respect with which former colonies regarded their previous ruler s.This preference for English works was not entirely un reason outable, considering the inferiority of American out bewilder, but it worsened the situation by depriving American authors of an audience. Only journalism offered financial remuneration, but the mass audience wanted light, undemanding verse and short topical essays not long or experimental work. The absence of adequate copyright laws was perhaps the clearest attempt of literary stagnation. American printers pirating English best-sellers understandably were unwilling to pay an American author for unknown material.The unauthorized reprinting of foreign books was originally seen as a service to the colonies as well as a source of profit for printers like Franklin, who reprinted works of the classics and great European books to educate the American public. Printers everywhere in America followed his lead. in that respect are notorious examples of pirating. Matthew Carey, an important American publisher, paid a London agen t a sort of literary spy to send copies of unbound pages, or even proofs, to him in fast ships that could sail to America in a month.Careys men would sail out to meet the incoming ships in the support and speed the pirated booksinto print using typesetters who divided the book into sections and worked in shifts around the clock. Such a pirated English book could be reprinted in a daytime and placed on the shelves for sale in American bookstores almost as fast as in England.Because imported authorized editions were more expensive and could not compete with pirated ones, the copyright situation damaged foreign authors such as Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens, along with American authors. But at least the foreign authors had already been paid by their original publishers and were already well known.Americans such as James Fenimore Cooper not only failed to receive adequate payment, but they had to suffer sightedness their works pirated under their noses. Coopers first successf ul book, The Spy (1821), was pirated by four different printers within a month of its appearance. Ironically, the copyright law of 1790, which allowed pirating, was nationalistic in intent. Drafted by Noah Webster, the great lexicographer who later compiled an American dictionary, the law protected only the work of American authors it was entangle that English writers should look out for themselves.Bad as the law was, none of the early publishers were willing to sport it changed because it proved profitable for them. Piracy starved the first generation of revolutionary American writers not surprisingly, the generation after them produced even less work of merit.The high point of piracy, in 1815, corresponds with the low point of American writing. Nevertheless, the cheap and plentiful bestow of pirated foreign books and classics in the first 50 years of the new country did educate Americans, including the first great writers, who began to make their appearance around 1825.THE AMER ICAN enlightenment The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning phantasmal dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Benjamin Franklin, whom the Scottish philosopher David Hume called Americas first great man of garner, embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality.Practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, Franklin recorded his early life in his famous Autobiography. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private forecast of his time. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize.Franklin was a second-generation immigrant. His Puritan father, a chandler (candle-maker), came to Boston, Massachusetts, from England in 1683. In many ways Franklins life illustrates the meeting of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual.Self-educated but well-read in John Locke, Lord Shaftesbury, Joseph Addison, and other Enlightenment writers, Franklin learned from them to apply reason to his own life and to break with tradition in particular the old-fashioned Puritan tradition when it threatened to smother his ideals. While a youth, Franklin taught himself languages, read widely, and unspoiled writing for the public.When he moved from Boston to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin already had the kind of education associated with the upper classes. He besides had the Puritan capacity for hard, careful work, constant self-scrutiny, and the rely to better himself.These qualities steadily propelled him to wealth, respectability, and honor. Never selfish, Franklin tried to help other ordinary people become successful by sharing his insights and initiating a characteristically American genre the self-help book. Franklins Poor Richards Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of efficacious encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort the reader in pithy, memorable sayings.In The Way to Wealth, which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham, a plain clean old Man, with white Locks, quotes Poor Richard at length. A Word to the Wise is enough, he says. God helps them that help themselves. Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and keen-sighted. Poor Richard is a psychologist (Industry pays Debts, piece Despair encreaseth them), and he always counsels hard work (Diligence is the Mother of ingenuous Luck). Do not be lazy, he advises, for One To-day is worth cardinal tomorrow.Somet imes he creates anecdotes to illustrate his points A little Neglect whitethorn breed great Mischief. For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail. Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children. A small leak will sink a great Ship. Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them. Franklins Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book.Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific organization of self- improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim for example, the temperance maxim is Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation. A pragmatic scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject.To establish good habits, Franklin invented a reusable calendrical record book in which he worked on one virtue each week, recording each lapse with a black spot. His theory prefigures psychological behaviorism, while his systematic method of notation anticipates modern behavior modification. The project of self-improvement blends the Enlightenment belief in perfectibility with the Puritan habit of moral self-scrutiny. Franklin saw early that writing could best advance his ideas, and he therefore deliberately perfected his supple prose name, not as an end in itself but as a tool. Write with the learned.Pronounce with the vulgar, he advised. A scientist, he followed the Royal (scientific) Societys 1667 advice to use a close, naked, natural way of speaking positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness, bringing all things as near the mathematical plainness as they can. Despite his prosperity and fame, Franklin never lost his democratic sensibility, and he was an important figure at the 1787 convention at which the U. S. Constitution was drafted. In his later years, he was president of an antislavery association. One of his last efforts was to promote universal public education. Hector St.John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813) Another Enlightenment figure is Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782) gave Europeans a glowing idea of opportunities for peace, wealth, and pride in America. Neither an American nor a farmer, but a French aristocrat who owned a plantation outside New York City before the Revolution, Crevecoeur enthusiastically praised the colonies for their industry, tolerance, and growing prosperity in 12 letters that depict America as an agrarian paradise a vision that would inspire doubting Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and many other writers up to the present.Crevecoeur was the earlier European to educate a considered view of America and the new American character. The first to exploit the melting pot image of America, in a famous passage he asks What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations.Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause changes in the world. THE POLITICAL PAMPHLET Thomas Paine (1737-1809) The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. oer 2,000 pamphlets were published during the Revolution. The pamphlets thrilled patriots and threatened loyalists they filled the role of drama, as they were often rea d loudly in public to excite audiences.American soldiers read them aloud in their camps British Loyalists threw them into public bonfires. Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense sold over 100,000 copies in the first three months of its publication. It is still be active today. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind, Paine wrote, voicing the idea of American exceptionalism still strong in the get together States that in some fundamental sense, since America is a democratic experiment and a country theoretically open to all immigrants, the fortune of America foreshadows the fate of humanity at large.Political writings in a democracy had to be clear to appeal to the voters. And to have informed voters, universal education was promoted by many of the founding fathers. One indication of the vigorous, if simple, literary life was the proliferation of newspapers. More newspapers were read in America during the Revolution than anywhere else in the world. Immigr ation also mandated a simple style. Clarity was vital to a newcomer, for whom English might be a second language.Thomas Jeffersons original draft of the resoluteness of Independence is clear and logical, but his committees modifications made it even simpler. The Federalist Papers, written in support of the Constitution, are also lucid, logical arguments, suitable for surround in a democratic nation. NEOCLASSISM EPIC, MOCK EPIC, AND SATIRE Unfortunately, literary writing was not as simple and direct as political writing. When trying to write poetry, most educated authors stumbled into the pit issue forth of elegant neoclassicism. The epic, in particular, exercised a fatal attraction.American literary patriots felt sure that the great American Revolution by nature would find expression in the epic a long, dramatic narrative poem in elevated language, celebrating the feats of a legendary hero. Many writers tried but none succeeded. Timothy Dwight (1752-1817), one of the group of wr iters known as the Hartford Wits, is an example. Dwight, who eventually became the president of Yale University, based his epic, The Conquest of Canaan (1785), on the Biblical story of Joshuas struggle to enter the Promised Land.Dwight cast General Washington, commander of the American army and later the first president of the joined States, as Joshua in his illustration and borrowed the couplet form that Alexander Pope used to translate Homer. Dwights epic was as boring as it was ambitious. English critics demolished it even Dwights friends, such as John Trumbull (1750-1831), remained unenthusiastic. So oft thunder and lightning raged in the melodramatic battle scenes that Trumbull proposed that the epic be provided with lightning rods. Not surprisingly, satirical poetry fared a good deal better than serious verse.The mock epic genre encouraged American poets to use their natural voices and did not lure them into a bog of pretentious and predictable patriotic sentiments and face less conventional poetic epithets out of the Greek poet Homer and the Roman poet Virgil by way of the English poets. In mock epics like John Trumbulls good-humored MFingal (1776-82), stylized emotions and conventional turns of phrase are ammunition for good satire, and the bombastic oratory of the revolution is itself ridiculed. Modeled on the British poet Samuel Butlers Hudibras, the mock epic derides a Tory, MFingal.It is often pithy, as when noting of condemned criminals facing hanging No man eer felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law. MFingal went into over 30 editions, was reprinted for a half-century, and was appreciated in England as well as America. Satire appealed to Revolutionary audiences partly because it contained brotherly comment and criticism, and political topics and social problems were the main subjects of the day. The first American comedy to be performed, The Contrast (produced 1787) by Royall Tyler (1757-1826), humorously contrasts Colonel Manly, an American officer, with Dimple, who imitates English fashions.Naturally, Dimple is made to look ridiculous. The play introduces the first Yankee character, Jonathan. Another satirical work, the novel Modern Chivalry, published by Hugh Henry Brackenridge in installments from 1792 to 1815, memorably lampoons the excesses of the age. Brackenridge (1748- 1816), a Scottish immigrant raised on the American frontier, based his huge, picaresque novel on Don Quixote it describes the misadventures of Captain Farrago and his stupid, brutal, yet appealingly human, handmaid Teague ORegan. POET OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Philip Freneau (1752-1832).One poet, Philip Freneau, incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits. The key to both his success and his failure was his passionately democratic spirit combined with an inflexible temper. The Hartford Wits, all of them undoubted patriots, reflected the general cultur al conservatism of the educated classes. Freneau set himself against this holdover of old Tory attitudes, complaining of the writings of an aristocratic, speculating faction at Hartford, in favor of monarchy and titular distinctions.Although Freneau received a fine education and was as well acquainted with the classics as any Hartford Wit, he embraced liberal and democratic causes. From a Huguenot (radical French Protestant) background, Freneau fought as a militiaman during the Revolutionary War. In 1780, he was captured and imprisoned in two British ships, where he almost died before his family managed to get him released. His poem The British Prison Ship is a bitter condemnation of the cruelties of the British, who wished to stain the world with gore. This atom and other revolutionary works, including Eutaw Springs, American Liberty, A Political Litany, A Midnight Consultation, and George the Thirds Soliloquy, brought him fame as the Poet of the American Revolution. Freneau edit ed a number of journals during his life, always cognizant of the great cause of democracy.When Thomas Jefferson helped him establish the militant, anti-Federalist National Gazette in 1791, Freneau became the first powerful, crusading newspaper editor in America, and the literary predecessor of William Cullen Bryant, William Lloyd Garrison, and H.L. Mencken. As a poet and editor, Freneau adhered to his democratic ideals. His popular poems, published in newspapers for the average reader, regularly celebrated American subjects.The Virtue of Tobacco c at a timerns the indigenous plant, a mainstay of the southern economy, while The Jug of Rum celebrates the alcoholic drink of the West Indies, a crucial commodity of early American trade and a major New orb export. Common American characters lived in The Pilot of Hatteras, as well as in poems about quack doctors and bombastic evangelists.Freneau commanded a natural and colloquial style appropriate to a genuine democracy, but he could also rise to refined neoclassic lyricism in often-anthologized works such as The grand Honeysuckle (1786), which evokes a sweet-smelling native shrub. Not until the American Renaissance that began in the 1820s would American poetry surpass the heights that Freneau had scaled 40 years earlier. Additional groundwork for later literary achievement was laid during the early years. Nationalism inspired publications in many fields, leading to a new detainment of things American.Noah Webster (1758-1843) devised an American Dictionary, as well as an important reader and speller for the schools. His Spelling Book sold more than 100 million copies over the years. Updated Websters dictionaries are still standard today.The American Geography, by Jedidiah Morse, another landmark reference work, promoted knowledge of the vast and expanding American land itself. Some of the most interesting if nonliterary writings of the stop consonant are the journals of frontiersmen and explorers such as Meriweth er Lewis (1774-1809) andZebulon Pike (1779-1813), who wrote accounts of expeditions across the Louisiana Territory, the vast portion of the North American sheer that Thomas Jefferson purchased from Napoleon in 1803. WRITERS OF FICTION.The first important fiction writers widely recognized today, Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper, used American subjects, historical perspectives, themes of change, and nostalgic tones. They wrote in many prose genres, initiated new forms, and found new ways to make a living through literature. With them, American literature began to be read and appreciated in the United States and abroad.Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) Already mentioned as the first professional American writer, Charles Brockden Brown was inspired by the English writers Mrs. Radcliffe and English William Godwin. (Radcliffe was known for her terrifying Gothic novels a novelist and social reformer, Godwin was the father of Mary Shelley, who wrote Fra nkenstein and married English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. ) Driven by poverty, Brown hastily penned four haunting novels in two years Wieland (1798), Arthur Mervyn (1799), Ormond (1799), and Edgar Huntley (1799). In them, he developed the genre of American Gothic.The Gothic novel was a popular genre of the day featuring exotic and wild settings, disturbing psychological depth, and much suspense. Trappings included ruined castles or abbeys, ghosts, mysterious secrets, threatening figures, and solitary maidens who survive by their wits and spiritual strength. At their best, such novels offer unspeakable suspense and hints of magic, along with profound explorations of the human soul in extremity. Critics suggest that Browns Gothic sensibility expresses deep anxieties about the inadequate social institutions of the new nation.Brown used distinctively American settings. A man of ideas, he dramatized scientific theories, developed a personal theory of fiction, and championed high literary standards despite personal poverty. Though flawed, his works are darkly powerful. Increasingly, he is seen as the precursor of romantic writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. He expresses subconscious fears that the outwardly starry-eyed Enlightenment period drove underground. Washington Irving (1789-1859).The youngest of 11 children born to a well-to-do New York merchant family, Washington Irving became a cultural and diplomatic ambassador to Europe, like Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite his talent, he probably would not have become a full-time professional writer, given the lack of financial rewards, if a series of fortuitous incidents had not thrust writing as a profession upon him. Through friends, he was able to publish his written report Book (1819-1820) at the same time in England and America, obtaining copyrights and payment in both countries.The Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon (Irvings pseudonym) contains his two best re membered stories, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of sleepy-eyed Hollow. Sketch aptly describes Irvings delicate, elegant, yet seemingly casual style, and crayon suggests his ability as a colorist or creator of rich, nuanced tones and emotional effects. In the Sketch Book, Irving transforms the Catskill Mountains along the Hudson River north of New York City into a fabulous, magical region. American readers gratefully accepted Irvings imagined history of the Catskills, despite the fact (unknown to them) that he had adapt his stories from a German source.Irving gave America something it badly needed in the brash, materialistic early years an imaginative way of relating to the new land. No writer was as successful as Irving at humanizing the land, endowing it with a name and a face and a set of legends. The story of Rip Van Winkle, who slept for 20 years, waking to find the colonies had become independent, eventually became folklore. It was adapted for the stage, went into the oral t radition, and was gradually accepted as authentic American legend by generations of Americans. Irving discovered and helped satisfy the raw new nations sense of history.His numerous works may be seen as his devoted attempts to build the new nations soul by recreating history and giving it living, breathing, imaginative life. For subjects, he chose the most dramatic aspects of American history the discovery of the New World, the first president and national hero, and the westward exploration. His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickerbocker (hence the name of Irvings friends and New York writers of the day, the Knickerbocker School).James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) James Fenimore Cooper, like Irving, evoked a sense of the past and gave it a local habitation and a name. In Cooper, though, one finds the powerful myth of a golden age and the poignance of its loss. While Irving and other American writer s before and after him scoured Europe in search of its legends, castles, and great themes, Cooper grasped the inbred myth of America that it was timeless, like the wilderness. American history was a trespass on the eternal European history in America was a reenactment of the fall in the Garden of Eden.The cyclical truem of nature was glimpsed only in the act of destroying it The wilderness disappeared in front of American eyes, vanishing before the oncoming pioneers like a mirage. This is Coopers basic tragic vision of the ironic destruction of the wilderness, the new Eden that had attracted the colonists in the first place. Personal experience enabled Cooper to write vividly of the transformation of the wilderness and of other subjects such as the sea and the clash of peoples from different cultures. The son of a Quaker family, he grew up on his fathers remote estate at Otsego Lake (now Cooperstown) in central New York State.Although this area was relatively peaceful during Coope rs boyhood, it had once been the scene of an Indian massacre. Young Fenimore Cooper grew up in an almost feudal environment. His father, Judge Cooper, was a landowner and leader. Cooper saw frontiersmen and Indians at Otsego Lake as a boy in later life, bold white settlers intruded on his land. Natty Bumppo, Coopers renowned literary character, embodies his vision of the frontiersman as a gentleman, a Jeffersonian natural aristocrat. Early in 1823, in The Pioneers, Cooper had begun to discover Bumppo.Natty is the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. He is the idealized, upright individualist who is better than the society he protects. Poor and isolated, yet pure, he is a touchstone for ethical values and prefigures Herman Melvilles Billy Budd and Mark Twains Huck Finn. Based in part on the real life of American pioneer Daniel Boone who was a Quaker like Cooper Natty Bumppo, an outstanding woodsman l ike Boone, was a peaceful man follow by an Indian tribe.Both Boone and the fictional Bumppo loved nature and freedom. They constantly kept moving west to escape the oncoming settlers they had guided into the wilderness, and they became legends in their own lifetimes. Natty is also chaste, high-minded, and deeply spiritual He is the Christian knight of medieval romances transposed to the virgin forest and rocky soil of America. The unifying run of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo.Coopers finest achievement, they constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804. Coopers novels portray the accompanying waves of the frontier settlement the original wilderness inhabited by Indians the arrival of the first whites as scouts, soldiers, traders, and frontier smen the coming of the poor, rough settler families and the final arrival of the centre class, bringing the first professionals the judge, the physician, and the banker.Each incoming wave displaced the earlier Whites displaced the Indians, who retreated westward the civilized middle classes who erected schools, churches, and jails displaced the lower-class individualistic frontier folk, who moved hike up west, in turn displacing the Indians who had preceded them. Cooper evokes the endless, inevitable wave of settlers, seeing not only the gains but the losses. Coopers novels reveal a deep focus between the lone individual and society, nature and culture, spirituality and organized religion.In Cooper, the natural world and the Indian are fundamentally good as is the extremely civilized realm associated with his most cultured characters. Intermediate characters are often suspect, especially greedy, poor white settlers who are too uneducated or primitive to appreciate nature or c ulture. Like Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Forster, Herman Melville, and other sensitive observers of widely varied cultures interacting with each other, Cooper was a cultural relativist. He understood that no culture had a monopoly on virtue or refinement. Cooper accepted the American condition while Irving did not.Irving addressed the American setting as a European might have by importing and adapting European legends, culture, and history. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new, distinctively American characters and themes. He was the first to sound the recurring tragic note in American fiction. WOMEN AND MINORITIES Although the colonial period produced several women writers of note, the revolutionary era did not further the work of women and minorities, despite the many schools, magazines, newspapers, and literary clubs that were springing up.Colonial women such as Anne Bradstreet, Anne Hutchinson, Ann Cotton, and Sarah Kemble Knight exerted consi derable social and literary influence in spite of primitive conditions and dangers of the 18 women who came to America on the ship Mayflower in 1620, only four survived the first year. When every able-bodied person counted and conditions were fluid, innate talent could find expression. But as cultural institutions became formalized in the new republic, women and minorities gradually were excluded from them.Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) Given the hardships of life in early America, it is ironic that some of the best poetry of the period was written by an exceptional slave woman. The first African-American author of importance in the United States, Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought to Boston, Massachusetts, when she was about seven, where she was purchased by the unworldly and wealthy tailor John Wheatley to be a companion for his wife. The Wheatleys recognized Philliss remarkable inte.

English Writtentask

Candidate Session Number Session May 2014 Written Task Assignment typography diary entries from Blanches point of view about her emotions toward Stanley A streetcar named desire Rationale In part 4 of our English trail, we study and analyze noteworthy literature works such as Shakespeare Othello and Tennes command Williwaws A Streetcar Named Desire. For this written task, we have to choose an Imaginative way of exploring an apses of the material we have studied. In other words, it is a creative assignment regarding an aspect or theme of either Othello or A Streetcar Named Desire.I have chosen to seek the character of Balance by writing diary entries In which Balance begins to be delusional due to Stanley actions towards her and how this makes her feel towards Stanley. Looking at both characters, we dismiss see that both of them are opposites of each other. Balance, coming from a wealthy family and also from the south, has a higher status and therefore expects men to treat women w ith compliance because this is what she experienced during most of her life. On the other hand, Stanley, coming from new Orleans, but representing the new Ameri discharge, shows obvious difference In character from Balance.Stanley Is portrayed as a brute, having power over both female and a sense, male characters too. By writing diary entries from Blanches point of view, we are able to see the difference in the midst of the cultures from south and the new America ,the difference of social status affecting how Balance treats Stanley. Dear diary, 1 OFF taken the wrong streetcar Oh how washbasin this be where my dear sister, Stella, lives? After being brought up by the wealth of our great family, I had great expectations in my headAfter the loss of belle pass finished the struggling, all those deaths I had to endure it has made me as weak as the crumbling walls of an old house. What do I have to do to deserve a slip up to paradise? If life hasnt given me enough troubles a sane human being can handle, here comes my lovely brother-in-law, Mr. Stanley Kowalski. Oh what an, interesting man he is, ask me questions about my past tense that I tried so hard to lock up, and stow away, And what nerve Snatching my love letters from my young husband, my sweet,sweet boy, he is definitely an inquirer.I can see, o, that hes of the more primitive side of nature, the way he walks and talks, not like the gentlemen who used to call for me for hours and hours till I replied them. If one Stanley Kowalski wasnt enough, what about four of them? Ive neer expected the gathering of the apes, nor have I seen that many in one place Oh Stanley Kowalski, the alpha male, saying that I could not kibitz-who does he think he is, the king of the house? And the way he treats Stella,my dear sister, embarrassing her inferno of his friends. His true colors shine through and no man, no man in the world treats a muliebrity this way.Oh What did she ever so do to that beast, what makes her d eserve such a life? And what does a girl need to do to enjoy herself almost here? Cant Stella and I enjoy a little conversation between ourselves without having Stanley blowing his top off? Oh, the destruction that trails after Stanley, almost like a shadow. What a monster He attacked my baby sister, how ruthless can he be? Kindness Please find your way to me Please find your way to Stella as she most certainly needs it. Dear diary I cannot believe Stella After what Stanley had done to her, shes still with that monster.She told me about their romantic times together and how thrilling it is to have him smash their lightships with the heel of her slipper. Am I the only one who sees that shes in danger? Or that her head is way too far into the clouds to see what an animal Stately is. Shes a damsel in distress, and I have to save her. To save her from the beast. Like a circulating rumor spreading ever so quickly through the high school corridors, my disgust for Stanley certainty escal ates at that speed. Even after that big speech I gave Stella, after sexual congress how awful and, Oh so common Stanley really is, she still effuses to listen.What shes feeling is Just brutal desire Just desire that old tin can which rattles through up and down the street And my, its been a long time since I empty hole, lingering in my heart. Mitch missed my birthday today Something must be terribly wrong for he did not sneer my calls. Im afraid that the truth would come out any moment, and that Stanley will spill the beards, ruining our relationship. Mitch knows, Stanley mustve told him. Oh, he must have told Mitch something about me How can I face Mitch, face everyone? My image now tainted by the colors of shame.I cant let them know my past for I have been hiding it for so long. No, I cant let get out, not right now He must have been to Laurel-to the Flamingo Oh what have I done to deserve this? After all I have suffered for Belle reeve, all I have sacrificed to fill my lonely soul, I deserve to be tough with kindness and love- after all that God has put me through. Isnt it time for a change? May miracles happen and Stanley will forever keep it to himself. Oh how silly of me, of course he wouldnt. And now, my reality is slowly ribbing onto my dreams.Grabbing aloud of everything and turning it into a nightmare. Dear diary Stanley Stanley-he Confronted me today. He was so happy at first, being a father and all. I was so relieved to see that Stanley Kowalski, was having a normal conversation with me, Balance He told me stories about his cousin, the human bottle opener. And even candid a bottle to celebrate with me I mean, maybe Stanley Kowalski, the brute, the Pollack isnt so bad after all. It must have been something I said After Mitch had snap my paper lantern, exposing my light.I feel weak of the mind, like someone has torn out a piece of my brain. Nonetheless, Im still and always will be a woman of intelligence and breeding, enough for my future husba nd , the wonderful Sheep Hunting. What every rich man needs is a woman. A woman with a beauty of the mind, profusion of the spirit and tenderness of the heart, and I have all those things He came after me He insulted me Calling my dress a worn-out Marci-grass outfit rented for fifty cents I tried to stop him, I tried calling Mr. Hunting but it was no use. It was inevitable, I was weak, I Gave up

Analysis of Amores Perros

Analysis of Amores Perros The Urban Environment of Mexico City, As Presented in Amores Perros Amores Perros represents the feature scud directorial launching of Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu and was written by Guillermo Arriaga, the craftsman behind such acclained Hollywood successes as 21 Grams and Babel. It is perhaps no surprise then that this pairing, of inspired passion and go through creativity, resulted in a film that won 52 of the 69 total awards for which it was nominated world-wide, including the Ariel Award for Best Picture from the Mexi tramp Academy of Film and the Critics week Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival.But it is more than exceptional filmmaking that is responsible for the critical success of this film. Depicting the social and economic stratification of spiritedness in modern day Mexico City, Amores Perros exhibits a host of cinematic techniques whose aim is to join form to content in an effort to convey the fractured nature of, and fracturing effects on, the singular and the family that life in this particular urban environment creates. The film takes the form of a triptych, (a composition made up of tether parts).These three stories represent the three general levels of life in Mexico City. The first story explores what amounts to workings stratum life in Mexico City. It depicts a quality of life determined by and enwrapped within the economic limitations that are a fact of that social sphere. The second story sets itself to convey an hurrying class life that amounts to little more than a veneer of wealthiness, while the third story examines both the confined nature and the inherent freedom of the underclass of Mexico City.But, beyond a simple explication of these disparate levels of companionship in this capital city, the film also strives, by the ways that it intertwines these three stories, to show how these levels of society are both mutually interdependent, and, ultimately, inextricable, cardinal from the other. Story I The Working Class The first story opens with a chaotic car get behind, and were introduced to one f this storys two main characters, Octavio, who is driving, and his pass over Cofi, who is bloody in the back seat, while Octavios friend Jorge desperately attempts to stem the bleeding, as the three flee from gun-toting thugs through the streets of Mexico City. Immediately, the turbulent, life-or-death nature of working class life in this city becomes evident. The chase ends with Octavio barrelling through a red light and plowing into a nonher car. As the story unfolds through flashbacks, we develop that Octavio has decided to give up life as a high school student to enter his dog in the local dogfights.Living at station with his mother, his unstable brother Ramiro, and his brothers wife Susana and their young infant, Octavio is driven to pursue this illicit activity by his growing infatuation with his brothers wife, and his hope to run away with Susana and make a life for them. But with no hope that his education allow for bring him a job by which he can support a family, Octavio sees no other choice but to fight his dog for money and hope that his newfound wealth provide prove to Susana that he can be the man of a household. His choice here is the clearest summation of the way working class life is depicted in this film.Unable to regain a legal avenue to assure a fiscally stable life, a working class persons except repair is to step outside of the law. Octavios brother reaches the same conclusion further in a more extreme fashion, as dictated by his sociopathic personality. He moonlights from his job asa supermarket clerk as an armed robber whose crimes eventually get him killed. Prior to that, though, a more subtle indictment of working class life in Mexico City is explored through the burgeoning relationship amongst Octavio and Susana.Octavio is unable to recognize that he is misreading Susanas need for the comfort and understanding she is not getting from her husband for a reciprocation of his own passion, and so he becomes increasingly attached to the immediate gratification of his need for connection that Susana represents. Having no basis to hope for the fruitfulness of any long term goals or aspirations, Octavios immediate environment has shunt him off into a fixation upon what is immediately come-at-ablepursuing his brothers wife and chasing the money and increased social standing that comes with ighting his dog. It comes as no surprise to the viewer, then, that these constraints placed upon him by the particular urban environment in which he lives lead to his downfall. After succeeding wildly through a number of dogfights, Octavio has earned enough money to convince Susana that they can run away together, but he gets greedy and agrees to only last, high-stakes fight against a dog owned by the local inner circle leader, who has been Octavios ageless nemesis and antagonist.Octavio descends to his lowest poin t, though, when at the same meeting where he agrees to this final fight, he contracts with the ringleader of the dogfights to assault his brother, who, as a result, is nearly beaten to death. This choice backfires on Octavio, as Susana is now compelled to flee with her husband, taking with her all the money Octavio and Cofi had won. This shows that working class life in Mexico City often produces in people aims which will only exacerbate their situation. Learning of the betrayal, Octavio is outraged and is forced to scramble together his remaining money to fund the bet of the final fight.At the fight, Cofi once again takes the upper hand against the gang leaders dog. The thug is prepared for him this time, and pulls out a gun and shoots the dog. As Jorge scrambles to carry the bleeding animal to their car, Octavio lashes out and stabs the gang leader in the gut, initiating the car chase that opens the film. The first story ends on the seminal car crash, and we jump back in time agai n to be introduced to the main characters of the second story, Daniel and Valeria. Story II Upper Class Life This middle story depicts upper class life in Mexico City in a way that puts its superficiality and frivolousness front and center.If the essence of working class lifeits chaotic and dangerous natureis symbolized by the car chase that opens the film, the fact that the first prognosis of the second story consists of Valeria, a high fashion model, being interviewed on a morning talk show, pretending to be in a relationship with a soap opera star, is a clear indication of the artificial and cosmetic nature of celebrity life in Mexico City. The problems of the upper class, like those of the working class as explored in the first story, play a central role in the second story, but they are problems of a completely different hunting lodge.Daniel, a successful magazine editor, is committing adultery with Valeria. Whereas in the first story the tyro is absent altogether, in this s tory Daniels relative wealth allows him to support both his family and the purchase of an upscale apartment for himself and Valeria. But, as he makes the choice to leave his family for his mistress, the facade of wealth begins to crumble. The veneer-like quality of wealth in Mexico City is conveyed in clear symbolism when, shortly after moving into their new apartment, Valeria puts her foot through the pristine-looking parquet floor.It is conveyed explicitly when, as we chequer that it was Valeria who was driving the car Octavio hit in the scene that opened the film and who is now in a wheelchair with a badly fractured leg, Daniel becomes frantic over his financial situation. As it turns out, Valeria had no insurance, and so, between his mortgage, the cost of their new apartment, and Valerias medical bills, Daniel begins to doubt his choice to stay with Valeria. But this is where a clear difference between the upper class and the working class, as represented in this film, begins to become obvious.While the actions of the characters in the first story seem almost inevitable due to their economic situation, Daniels relative wealth allows him roughly doer of freedom to choose how he is to act. His financial burdens may, and do, create great stress for him, but he has the means to make his decisions upon honourable grounds sooner of simply upon financial considerations. So whereas Octavio is driven to fight his dog by his need for money in order to possess Susana, Daniel, after flirting with the idea to abandon Valeria and return to his wife, in the end chooses to remain with his new love.He may have revealed his moral weakness by leaving his family in the first place, but he shows some ability to act ethically when he decides to commit himself to his decision to join his life to Valerias, instead of leaving her in her time of greatest need. The film conveys this choice as one allowed him, in great part, by his financial situation. Story III El Chivo The t hird, and final, story explores the life of a member of the upper class, and transigent named El Chivo who works as a hitman for the corrupt police force.Living in squalor with only his dogs as companions, El Chivo represents, by his physical appearance, the decrepit state of members of this class of society in Mexico City. As his story unfolds, though, we learn that his tale is not one of perennial povertyhe is a fallen man. Giving him an origin of normality and respectability conveys the tragic nature of members of this underclasstheir current state of deplorable poverty is a result of flaws in their character. On the contrary, El Chivo left his family to fight in some unnamed ideological questhe precious to save the world.Having failed at that, he has fallen in cynicism and exploits the freedom and lack of accountability for his actions that his life on the outskirts of society allows him to become a murderer for hire. His thought is changed, though, upon seeing the obituary fo r his wife in the paper. He attends the funeral, slinking on the periphery. When he sees the daughter he chose to leave when she was only a child, he feels compelled to find some measure of redemption that would allow him to become a part of her life again.He gives up his life as a gun-for-hire, bathes and shaves for seemingly the first time in years, and, as he walks off into the proverbial sunset to close the film, the viewer gets a clear sense that El Chivo, contrary to appearances, is the one least encumber by his economic situation. While the characters of the first two stories were driven, in some part, by economic considerations, El Chivos greatest desire is to find the moral and ethical ground that would make him worthy of reconnecting with his daughter.While Octavio is driven by immature passion, and Daniel is led by his wandering heart, El Chivo searches for the firm ground of morality upon which to stand. His desire is only for redemption, and by this desire he is redeem ed. Part IV Greater than the Sum of its Parts Such clear and intricately constructed depictions of the stratified layers of life in Mexico City would amount to little more than three separate stories if they werent connected by equally clear and intricate means.The filmmakers were interested not merely in showing these layers in isolation, but in weaving them into a cohesive whole that would mirror the actual situation in this modern city. This is through in several ways, both structurally, and through plot. First, the writer took inspiration for the structure of the film from William Faulkners Light in August, which is also told through three generally connected stories. Amores Perros makes heavy use of flashbacks and flash forwards to intertwine the stories into a single film.The writer also used the technique of hyperlinking, which he exploited in his films 21 Grams and Babel as well. This technique consists of introducing one character slowly, and often mysteriously, over the c ourse of the film, and building up his or her story until it is fully revealed in the final, climatic scenes. This is done with the character El Chivo, and the effect is further enhanced by the directors choice to shoot the early scenes with El Chivo using a telephoto lens, so that the viewer is kept at a distance from this seminal character.He shows up in each of the first two stories, but it isnt until it is time to tell his story that the viewer actually is allowed some intimacy with this character. These stories are intertwined through plot as well namely, through the traumatic make love of the car crash. By the time we get to the third story, we know that it was Octavio who was driving the car responsible for the crash, that it was Valeria who was driving the car that was hit, and that it was El Chivo who was present at the scene to rescue Cofi, who had been left to die on the side of the road by the paramedics.As the writer said in the commentary track for the film, Crashes a re horrible, life-altering events, but they shell out to bring people together who otherwise would never have met. It is trauma that, among other things, connects all three of the layers of society as represented in this film no one is free from paroxysm. Finally, these three stories are linked thematically. One theme that links all three stories is that of the absentee father. For the working class family, the absence of the father makes no mentionhe is just gone.In the second story, we watch as the father decides to leave his family, and in the third, we see the fathers sincere desire to return to his family. This is the most significant emotional arch of the filmthe redemption of the father. First, we have the wreckage left behind in the wake of his abandonment, the bitter nature of the brothers Octavio and Ramiro, a pain whose source is buried deep under the surface. Then we see the crime being committed, as Daniel leaves his family, and the viewer is allowed to feel the ange r and outrage produced by the fathers abandonment, and, more importantly, we can link that pain to its proper cause.Finally, we are positioned within the perspective of the father, El Chivo, and are allowed to feel his own pain and experience the authenticity of his own desire to atone for abandoning his family. It is this progression that, ultimately, drives this film. A theme closer to the surface, and more sentimental in nature, which also connects these three stories, is a love of dogs. Cofi is Octavios best friend and is responsible for whatever pleasure his master is able to gain from his surroundings through being forced to get into in dog fighting. The dog Richie is Valerias constant companion.He falls into the hole in the floor that Valeria accidently created and is trapped under the floor of the couples apartment for the better part of their story. With Valeria languishing in the hospital after having suffered a thrombosis, Daniel, in the penultimate scene of the second s tory, decides to tear up the floor to rescue the dog. As he pulls Richie out of the hole he has created, his is symbolically rescuing his and Valerias relationship. Finally, El Chivos dogs are his best friends and, until he rediscovers his desire to be with his family, they are the only connection he has left to his humanity.His humanity is put to the test when, after rescuing Cofi from the aftermath of the crash and nursing him back to health, Cofi kills every last one of his dogs. He moves to kill Cofi in retaliation, to act out an impotent and meaningless revenge. But, because he has seen his daughter at his wifes funeral, his humanity has already begun to awaken and he is compelled to let Cofi live, so that he is there with El Chivo, man and mans best friend, to walk off into the sunset that brings on the closing credits. In the American release, the films title was translated as, Love is a bitch. This title is in some ways relevant to the movienone of the characters manage to f ind unqualified happiness. But, according to Wikipedia, the director gave an interview to NPR where he expressed dissatisfaction with the use of this English idiom as the title for his film. For him, Amores expresses everything that is good about life, while Perros expresses lifes wretchedness. In this sense, the title could be viewed as meaning, Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose, which captures the highs and lows that each set of characters experiences.

Parental Filters on the Internet Essay

Technology, often defined as the application of science, was baseally the crafts practiced by unschooled artisans (McClellan, 2006). Technologies had tangibly affected the rafts way of living, since these ar made to improve their quality of life. Its existence was completely evident on how our ancestors developed simple choppers into fine blades, and later on, discovered the workout of fire. One of the pre move discoveries was the cyberspace, which step by step diminished the barrier between talks. It make outd as a gateway of people all over the globe into the social scene. As perceived by Gralla (1998), Internet is the purest form of electronic democracywhere no single person, group or organization runs the Internet. It was made possible through with(predicate) computers interconnect with each other, sharing common breeding. These computers range from personal to government-owned databases, both local and international, to academic and business-oriented computers.A teleph one, a modem, and a computer of course, are needed in able to connect to the Internet. Once you are connected to the Internet, your computer becomes an extension other linkage on the Internet. Though the Internet was beginning used as a defense project of the United States, the Internet had evolved into being the newest kind of media. And eventually, it was used in schools, workplaces and businesses as nearlyhead. It was able to servicing students in their home works, or catch up with the lessons they missed, and all(prenominal)bodys favoritesocial networking. As for professionals, the Internet enabled them to conduct video conferences, giving people who arent able to attend a certain meeting at ease. The Internet helped entrepreneurs as well, in finding the best products the community wants today, as well as providing on-line service with its customers.However, disdain of all these good application of Internet, we plundernot deny the fact that in that respect are people wh o upload gore, violence and other explicit content. Though every information shared over the Internet has its own target audiences, parents should be literate enough to regulate and filter information their children are or so to view. Parents, in the first place, are the one who thought their children to speak and communicate. Internet is the one that thought students to communicate and explore beyond extent. But parents are parents they own their child and profit doesnt. Internet can change someone but their parents can notwithstanding understand them.But still, as members of the society, we get to to be responsible of what we opening on the Internet, concerning especially the children. Kids these days spend more time on the Internet as much as our age does, which is very alarming, since this triggers children in accessing restricted material. flush social networking sites are surrounded with pedophiles and familiar predators, waiting for its prey to be devoured. Assuming th at majority of the respondents control and filter their childrens use of the Internet, this study seeks to decide the forms of mechanisms utilized by every parent in a stopicular household, and its significance to child protection.Background of the StudyAs what Anne Frank stated, Parents can solitary(prenominal) give good advice or put them on the right paths, but the final forming of a persons character lies in their own hands. In this quote, it is evident that parents are meant to support their children in forming their personalities in any aspect of his life. In the Philippine mount, it is believed that if a person possesses good traits, it was because he was raised by his parents well. A parent may vary from another parent in raising a child, but the main point in here is that, every single parent shapes their children in the way they wanted them to be. Diana Baumrind, a clinical psychologist, conducted a research study in 1960s on the linkages of parenting geniuss, and it s effects on 100 preschool-aged children. Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she had identified cardinal important dimensions of parenting (Cherry, 2011) namely Authoritarian Parenting, Authoritative Parenting, Permissive Parenting and hold outly, Uninvolved Parenting. Among the four parenting styles Baumrind had identified, Authoritarian Parenting has high regards of their children, as well as their commandations.When these expectations arent met, punishment is likely to be followed. Children raised this way tend to be more risky outdoors, or lack self-esteem. Contrary to that, Authoritative Parenting still has its own rules to follow, but the difference is that, no punishment is inflicted, and thus nurtured instead. While Permissive Parenting practices no disciplinal actions at all, thus creating an environment filled with love. However, children raised this way, more often than not, are stubborn in nature. Uninvolved Parenting wa y of life no parenting at all, essence they do not support them through their endeavors, but strictly comply with their needs. Children have the tendency to be more anxious than the usual, and exhibit more wrong or drug abuse. (Cherry, 2011) In relation to our study, parenting plays the vital role in shaping their children, not only in their behaviors, but as well within the context of Internet dilemmas.Indeed, the Internet can be both good and bad in general. It can help children in doing their researches and improve their knowledge within a particular lesson, but at the same time, there allow be a tendency that they will depend too much on what Internet has to offerwhich is unhealthy, since not all information shared over the net are true and reliable. It can reconnect their long lost friends, and discover new friends through social networking, but it could also expose them to the danger of meeting strange new people online. Since the Internet has a wide array of information, it can compensate ones curiosity regarding a certain topic, but into what extent? Internet, in this modern day, serves as a key or a inlet through everything that this world has. People recognize its use in a good and bad way. In a recent study conducted by Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication from February to April year 2009, it showed that 74% have access to the Internet.Most of the respondents came from Visayas and Metro Manila. The respondents include grade school pupils 10-12 old, and high school students 13-17 old. The children in both subgroups basically use the Internet for email, connecting with friends, participating in e-groups and social networks. Though these types of activities are considered safe, it is actually not. Cyber-bullying has been rampant in the airwaves, as well as pornography and other explicit content. Pornography can be generally defined as erotic depictions intended to provoke a sexual response (Casanova, 2000). It can exist in many forms, including videos, films, stills, and even comics. High school students are definitely aware of this at a young age, it is because their minds are preoccupied with curiosity thus, filling their satisfaction to know and explore through the world of earnings. However, with proper guidance and regulation of parents on how their children utilize the Internet, we can still shape these children the way they should be. To keep them safe from the detrimental effects Internet has to bring upon.Be it physically, mentally, socially, sexually, psychologically or even spiritually. Media, especially social media, has gradually changed the youths social and emotional cognition to its environment. How a child interacts with the people around him is greatly affected with his exposure with the media (Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, 2010). In a study conducted by Kraut (1998), the social effect of the Internet is a bit similar with television, but greater use of the Internet is stati stically world-shaking into declining of social involvement. It greatly affects the social circle he belongs to, his social contact, and social communication.Another is that, Liwag (2007) stated that Internet has the capacity to erode authority structures. This means that children aptitudeiness be accepting parental authority. Getting into the physical context, children that are more exposed to Internet use, had a great impact on their lifestyles. Children sleep well beforehand, but since they got hooked with the Internet, their daily routine had tangibly changed. Liwag (2007) explained that many adolescents are into health-compromising habits and sedentary lifestyle. (Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, 2010) With the cases mentioned above, we, the researchers remain persistent in knowing what Philippine parents do, and have to do in order to diminish these cases for them not to experience.Theoretical FrameworkThe study being proposed will adapt two mass communicat ion theories. The first one is the refining likelihood by created by Richard E Petty and John T Cacioppo and the second one is the Social Judgment surmisal that was developed by Muzafer Sherif and Carl Hovland.Elaboration LikelihoodA popular model used as a principle in idea work is the Elaboration Likelihood Model created by Richard E Petty and John T Cacioppo. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) states that there are two streets through which glib-tongued nitty-grittys are processed the central route and the skirting(prenominal) route. Developed in 1980, this relatively new persuasion model attempts to explain how a glib-tongued meaning works to change the pose of the receiver (Moore, 2001). Central and peripheral routes both are effective styles of persuasion techniques, but each one has strategies and guiding principles to even up it more effective. Understanding the two routes of persuasion covered in the Elaboration Likelihood Model is vital to the persuasion pr ocess.Messages sent via the central route of persuasion mustiness be straight-forward and complete. The central route consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) in the message (Benoit et al., 2001). The receiver carefully scrutinizes the message and evaluates the subject matter of the idea. Messages sent through this route must possess a high level of receiver involvement, that is, the receiver must actually care about and be related to the subject. Because it is of importance to them, the message will be evaluated thoroughly. Central route messages must be strong. The message is going to be dissected and analyzed from every angle, so it had better have some substance to it.The peripheral route of persuasion is successful for messages with low receiver involvement, low receiver motivation, and weak messages. Unlike the central route persuasion, messages sent via the peripheral route are not processed cognitively. Rather, the peripheral route states that if a person is unable to elaborate on a message extensively, then she may still be persuaded by factors that have nothing to do with the actual content of the message itself (Moore, 2001). According to Professors Dean Kruckeberg and Ken Starck, the dominant world view of public relations, in fact, is one of coaxing communication actions (Wilcox et al., 2003, p.214).It is suggested that attitudes formed under high elaboration, the central route, are stronger than those formed under low elaboration. This means that this level of persuasion is stable over time and is less susceptible to decay or any type of counter-persuasion. Attitudes formed under low elaboration, the peripheral route, are more likely to cause a short term attitude change. The ELM is based on the idea that attitudes are important because attitudes die decisions and other behaviors. While attitudes can result from a number of things, persuasion is a primary source.ModelSocial Judgment TheoryThis theory of attitude change was developed by Muzafer Sherif and Carl Hovland and later by Carolyn Sherif. As its name suggests, it is a model of judgment, which means that it declares that the audience interprets (judge) a message. Specifically, a listener judges how much the message agrees or disagrees with his or her own attitude. Second, Social Judgment theory holds that a listeners involvement in the topic of the persuasive message that is, how important a topic is to a listener is an important factor in attitude change.Given a range of possible positions about given subject, people may have a range of opinions, but will have an anchor position. As this is often tied to peoples sense of identity, it is seldom possible to change it. The latitude of acceptance are those positions which are acceptable. The latitude of non-commitment are those positions which are neither accepted nor rejected. The latitude of rejection are positions which will be actively opposed.We can observe that one person can th ink a summer day is hot while another believes it is only pleasantly warm. Two friends can see the same movie and one will like it and the other will hate it. And two people can hear the same persuasive message but have quite dissimilar reactions to it. Social Judgment theory explains how two people can react so diametrically to the very same message.The reason why people gave different answers is that they had different comparison points or anchors and also because of their ego involvement. individually listener or reader judges the main idea of the message, how much it agrees or disagrees with him or her, by comparing the message with his or her anchor point, which in Social Judgment theory is his or her existing attitude on the message topic. ModelConceptual FrameworkElaboration LikelihoodThe researchers formulated a model of dual routes of persuasion to explain the situation being studied. The illustration shows the how, the what, and the predicted outcome of parents response to control their childrens internet access.The model will set-back from message that will be coming from the parents. Then the message will proceed to the audience factorwhich is the children. There are two possibilities from which the message might flow. There will be a possibility of having high motivation and energy to think of the message or possess low motivation and ability to think of the message. In that process, it will show the parents to think of the control mechanism they will be using whether it could be a high or a low factor. Then the third process will be the processing approach which will show the style of approach the parents can be used. The last part of the process would be the persuasion outcome.Through that process we can infer if the outcome the parents had executed to control their childrens access had been a persuasive message in changing the childrens access to internet. In that case, the parents are expected to research and apply these mechanisms in con trolling their childrens internet access. Eventually, there will be an element of dissatisfaction that will trigger their train of thought to try all of control mechanisms if possible. Each control mechanism has its own style that could or could not be persuasive or effective. Just like in the adopted theory of Elaboration Likelihood, that there are two techniques of persuasion and both of it are effective styles, but each one has strategies and guiding principles to make it more effective. Understanding the two routes of persuasion discussed in the Elaboration Likelihood Model is vital to the persuasion process.Conceptual ModelSocial JudgmentThe Social Judgment theory in this study will focus on the childrens response or their involvement in the control mechanisms of their parents. Whether they will accept it, reject it or there is no potential commitment.As the conceptual model illustrates, it will start to the parents control mechanism. Afterwards, children will assess it dependi ng on their level of ego-involvement and on their own anchor points. Lastly, it is their choice if they will accept it, reject it or just dont commit at it. Not all children will have the same involvement because of their different attitudes or their ego involvement and anchor points.Conceptual ModelStatement of the ProblemWhat are the mechanisms utilized by parents in controlling their childrens access to the internet and its significance to child protection?Objectives of the Study1. To present the profile of the respondents in terms ofa. Demographicb. Economic2. To know the different Internet sites that children normally view. 3. To identify the different control mechanisms used by parents in controlling their childrens internet access. 4. To determine the factors affecting the parents to control childrens access in the internet. 5. To determine if controlling childrens Internet usage will change their behavior towards Internet. Significance of the StudyTo Parents and Teachers As sociation (PTA)With the collaboration of parents and teachers, this study would help them discuss with each other the action they should do if ever they will make a project plan regarding internet and children. They could be able to make different programs and seminars of how to handle their children and what to do in order to control childrens internet access.To the parentsIn accordance to the result of this study, parents will become attentive of what tends their children to visit such(prenominal) sites. If that happens, they could determine and counter-attack those factors with the proper and effective way of controlling their childrens internet access. They could also change their old mechanism in filtering their childs internet use at least to refrain their childs exposure on restricted sites. To the teachersSince teachers are correlated and influential with the shaping of the knowledge of students, with this study, they could serve as a bridge on the proper way of introducing internet world as an educational tool especially computer teachers. They should explain to students the main purpose of internet, the proper attitude towards internet accesstheir limitations, dos and donts, To children, to studentsWith the result of the study, children are hoped to see internet as a businesslike and educational one. They would gradually decrease their access on the internet abusively especially restricted sites. And to be able to understand that there is always a right time for everything. To the researchers and future researchersWith the instrumentation, recommendations, conclusions and the study as whole, future researchers wanting to pursue a study like this would be a big help in producing another research or study in line with the topic. Their study could be an action towards the guidelines on filtering internet. HypothesesWith the study, the following hypotheses are used1. With the objectives of the study, researchers expect the following a. Parents in the lo wer class family are those who arent internal about the internet b. Parents in the middle class family are those who quite knowledgeable about internet c. Parents who are in the higher class family are those who are more knowledgeable about the internet. 2. The following sites are what childrens usually visit on the internet (in random order) Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Youtube and Multiply d. Online games e. Restricted and malicious sites f. Sites for educational purposes such as ebooks, forums, online classrooms3. Parents usually control their childrens internet access with the set of rules and regulations given on them such as time limitations, reminding them the proper use of internet, securing their child by filtering the internet and so on 4. Bad effects children affecting their scholastic records, childrens nasty view of real world, effects of unwanted websites inappropriate of childrens age such as pornographic sites, print and broadcast medi a and hearsays of internets harm to children are the factors affecting parents to control childrens access on the internet. 5. Children become more at ease, curious and the more they are controlled, the more they are spending long duration of time on their use of internet.Limitations of the StudyThis study entitled, PARENTAL FILTERS ON THE INTERNET THE MECHANISMS UTILIZED BY PARENTS IN CONTROLLING THEIR CHILDRENS ACCESS TO INTERNET, concentrates on the practices, tools or guidelines used by parents in controlling and defend their children with the potential harms that internet contains. This study focuses only in Manila, in which the researchers systematically selected four High Schools from the locality. The schools, those researchers had chosen, are Malate High School, St. Anthony School, Dona Teodora Alonzo High School, and Villamor High School. The parents will be the main respondents of the study, coming from the Parents and Teachers Association or PTA in the selected schools respectively.The researchers are limited to take 100 respondents from all the parents in those selected four schools. These 100 respondents will be coming from the PTA members. Due to lack of resources, we would trim down the number of the PTA population to 100. The age bracket of students in the chosen high schools is roughly from twelve long time old to sixteen years old. These students are the source where we can gather information from the parent. Considering these students have basic knowledge on computer and browsing internetsame goes with parents. This research study is only limited on the students, as it should, who use computer and access internet. This entails the effects getting or absorbing by the students, whether its good or bad. The bad effects of internet to students can be in physical and in mental condition.Operational DefinitionThis part contains words with corresponding definition used by the researchers throughout their understanding and limitation. This serves as the researchers own dictionary only in important and primary terms. This also serves as the guiding tool to better understanding to this study.StudentsStudents refer to the students who are enrolled and studying on the systematically selected four schools in Manila. These are the students who have, at least, basic knowledge in using computer and accessing and browsing the internet.